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Ross Hauser, MD., Danielle R. Steilen-Matias, MMS, PA-C

Carpal tunnel syndrome: Non-surgical injections and nerve release treatments

In this article, we will explore various treatment options for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome with a focus on the evidence for non-surgical treatment options.

A series of new studies affecting patients with Carpal Tunnel Syndrome are questioning the success and validity of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome surgery and how accurate recommendations to patients following surgery are as to when they can return to work. This is a question that is inspired by new research.

Article Summary:

• When your surgeon recommends you for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome surgery, ask the surgeon if they will have the surgery themselves if they were you. The likelihood is that the surgeon would say no.
• Is carpal tunnel syndrome surgery only a short-term treatment or does it work in the long run?
• I need to get back to work, what is a realistic recovery time from Carpal Tunnel Surgery? The answer is “Paradoxical”
• When can I return to work after carpal tunnel release surgery?
• The problem is Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Diagnosis may not be correct. Therefore Carpal Tunnel surgery may not fix what is wrong.
• So do I really have Carpal Tunnel Syndrome?
• Telling the difference between Signs and Symptoms of “true” versus “pseudo” carpal tunnel syndrome.
• Another surgical problem: Inappropriate Preoperative Gabapentinoid and post-surgical opioid problems.
• Can I get by with cortisone injections or extracorporeal shock wave therapy?
• Pain and function scores were significantly lower in the local corticosteroid injection group compared with the other two groups.
• Caring Medical’s approach to carpal tunnel syndrome – stability and strength in wrist and elbow.
• The case for Dextrose injections in helping your carpal tunnel problems.
• The use of Platelet Rich Plasma therapy for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome.
• Platelet Rich Plasma could reduce swelling of the median nerve for a mid-long-term effect.
• “PRP represents a promising therapy for patients with mild to moderate carpal tunnel syndrome”
• “Platelet-rich plasma could be an effective treatment of mild to moderate idiopathic carpal tunnel syndrome and superior to corticosteroid in improving pain, function, and distal sensory latency of median nerve.”
• The single PRP injection for carpal tunnel syndrome.
  • When will a single PRP injection fail?
• PRP, Prolotherapy, and Non-surgical Nerve Release & Regeneration Injection Therapy for Neuropathy
• Nerve hydrodissection.
• A patient’s case presented with an unusual swelling of her wrist and then her left hand was going numb.
• Non-surgical Nerve Release & Regeneration Injection Therapy and Joint Stabilizing Treatments

When your surgeon recommends you for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome surgery, ask the surgeon if they will have the surgery themselves if they were you. The likelihood is that the surgeon would say no.

Surgery works for many people. Some people have great results and their wrist and carpal tunnel pain are gone forever. These are not the people we see in our office.  For people suffering from carpal tunnel pain following surgery, this pain has now expanded to include things like De Quervain’s Tenosynovitis, Trigger Finger or Trigger Thumb, and arthritis in both hands. So they wear braces, get cortisone injections which we discuss below, and are prescribed heavier doses of anti-inflammatory medications. For these people, they seem to have nowhere to turn except for pain management and possibly physical therapy and any type of help they can buy online.

We are not going to comment on this study from the Journal of Plastic Surgery Hand Surgeons, (1) we will only tell you this appeared in a medical journal written for and by hand surgeons. These are surgeons discussing the problems they encounter with carpal tunnel surgery.

Surgeons were asked: If you were the patient would you get this surgery?

• One objective of this medical review was “to study if surgeons” perceptions of the benefit of six surgical procedures differ if they consider themselves as patients instead of treating a patient.”
• “Surgeons who considered themselves as patients had less confident perception on the benefit of carpal tunnel release compared with surgeons, who considered treating patients.”
• “Hand surgeons and hand therapists had similar perceptions of the benefits of surgery. The expected functional result was regarded as the most important factor in directing the decision about the treatment.”(Good post-surgical function,  the most important outcome of the surgery was considered marginally successful.)

CONCLUSIONS: “Surgeons tended to be more unanimous in their opinions in cases, where there is limited evidence on treatment effect. The agreement between surgeons and therapists implies that the clinical perspectives are similar, and probably reflect the reality well.” The reality of a less-than-hoped-for outcome.

Is surgery an “overtreatment?”

Let’s look at a June 2022 paper published in the journal Clinical Orthopaedics and related research (2). The question being posed in this paper is:  Is surgery appropriate or an ineffective “overtreatment?” This is a multi-author study led by the doctors at the University of Texas at Austin and University Medical Center Utrecht, University of Utrecht, the Netherlands. Here is what the paper says:

“Surgeons who consider greater incapability (disability) as an indication of more severe pathology seem to be practicing outside the norm and may be underappreciating and undertreating the unhelpful thoughts and feelings of worry or despair that consistently account for a notable amount of the variation in symptom intensity and magnitude of incapability.”

In other words, patients with limited function should not be automatically sent to surgery, co-factors like anxiety and depression which could make symptoms worse should be explored. Surgery may not address the cause of the patient’s severity of symptoms.

The problem is Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Diagnosis may not be correct. Therefore Carpal Tunnel surgery may not fix what is wrong

Above we have a study suggesting that surgeons may not be seeing the true cause of a patient’s problem. Now let’s look at a 2017 paper where surgeons at Thomas Jefferson University Hospital in Pennsylvania published guidelines calling for a much more extensive examination of patients suffering from Carpal Tunnel Syndrome. Why? Because many patients with Carpal Tunnel Syndrome may not have Carpal Tunnel Syndrome.

In this study, (3) the researchers are saying: that the problem of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome is recognizing and managing other potential sites of peripheral nerve compression.

Here is what the research says:

• Is it Ulnar Tunnel Syndrome / Guyon canal syndrome? The ulnar nerve may become compressed as it travels through the outer edges of the wrist
• Is it the posterior interosseous nerve (a forearm nerve branch that travels in the back of the forearm)? That nerve may become entrapped in the central region of the forearm as it travels through the radial tunnel, which results in pain without motor weakness.
• Is the nerve trapped not on the wrist but on the forearm? The median nerve may become entrapped in the proximal forearm, which can result in a variety of symptoms.
• Carpal Tunnel overnight? Is it Spontaneous neuropathy of the anterior interosseous nerve (a forearm nerve branch that travels in the front of the forearm) also known as Kiloh-Nevin syndrome? A 2023 paper reported on a case of Kiloh-Nevin syndrome causing a rare type of forearm pain. (4)

The solution to understanding which of these problems may be impacting the patient? “Electrodiagnostic and imaging studies may aid surgeons in the diagnosis of these syndromes; however, a thorough physical examination is paramount to localize compressed segments of these nerves. An understanding of the anatomy of each of these nerve areas allows practitioners to appreciate a patient’s clinical findings and helps guide surgical decompression.”

True Carpal Tunnel Syndrome vs. Pseudo Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

Signs and symptoms of “true” versus “pseudo” carpal tunnel syndrome. Patients with true carpal tunnel syndrome (constriction of the median nerve) may present with different symptoms than those with “pseudo” carpal tunnel syndrome which involves pain referral from another injured area, often the elbow.

• In True Carpal Tunnel Syndrome there is constant and chronic numbness in the thumb, index, and middle finger.
  • In Pseudo Carpal Tunnel Syndrome there is a “numbness” that comes and goes.
• In True Carpal Tunnel Syndrome there is a sensation of weakness in the thumb and atrophy.
  • In Pseudo Carpal Tunnel Syndrome, thumb strength appears normal.
• In True Carpal Tunnel Syndrome there is atrophy of thenar eminence, the muscle mound at the base of the thumb.
  • In Pseudo Carpal Tunnel Syndrome, there is rarely muscle atrophy.
• In True Carpal Tunnel Syndrome pressing on the nerve causes a tingling sensation or positive Tinel’s sign.
  • In Pseudo Carpal Tunnel Syndrome, there is a negative Tinel sign.
• In True Carpal Tunnel Syndrome there is a positive Phalen’s test (the symptoms of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome can be recreated by having the patient flex their wrist downward for 30 seconds).
  • In Pseudo Carpal Tunnel Syndrome, there is a negative Phalen test.
• In True Carpal Tunnel Syndrome there is a positive EMG/NCV. In Pseudo Carpal Tunnel Syndrome, there is a negative EMG/NCV.
  • In Pseudo Carpal Tunnel Syndrome there is tenderness over the annular ligament in the elbow

As noted earlier, the pain experienced in the wrist is often referred pain and may be due to an injured or weakened annular ligament which may lead to a misdiagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome.

Is surgery inevitable with a carpal tunnel syndrome diagnosis? Although the standard practice is to inject steroids or prescribe anti-inflammatory medications, the end result of a diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome is usually surgery.

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Is carpal tunnel syndrome surgery only a short-term treatment or does it work in the long run?

As a second opinion, let’s present evidence from Dutch surgeons/researchers who in April 2019 wrote in the journal Acta Neurochirurgica (neurosurgery). (5)

• The effectiveness of the surgical treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is well-known in the short term. However, limited data is available about the long-term outcome after carpal tunnel release (CTR).
• At long-term follow-up, 87 patients (40.3%) completed a questionnaire about the severity of symptoms and their functional abilities in the operation on hand.
• The mean score on Symptom Severity Scale and Functional Status Scale improved at 8 months and did not change significantly after 8 months.  The patients were then followed up for 9 years.
• At 9 years favorable outcome was reported in 81.6%.

CONCLUSIONS: Carpal tunnel release is a robust treatment for carpal tunnel syndrome and its effect persists after a period of 9 years. The most important factor associated with long-term outcomes is treatment outcome after about 8 months and to a lesser extent functional complaints pre-operatively.

What all this means is that at 9 years after surgery, 4 out of 5 patients reported favorable results. But if you had functional complaints before surgery, the chances are less optimistic for long-term success.

Many people have great success with carpal tunnel surgery. Many people have less than optimal results. The people we see in our office typically have had initially good results but the continued wear and tear of their job or activities have caused the numbness to return, some pain to return, and they are proceeding down the path of repetitive stress injury and a lifetime of wrist braces as surgery the second time may not be an answer or even advisable.

I need to get back to work, what is a realistic recovery time from Carpal Tunnel Surgery? “Why do we know so little about return to work after carpal tunnel release?”

Maybe, the surgeons in the above study are aware of what other research is saying. No one has a good answer to the question of when people can return to work after carpal tunnel surgery. “Why do we know so little about return to work after carpal tunnel release?” is a 2018 editorial from the Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment, and Health. (6) It is based in part on data from American workers examined in US work environments.

The concern is aging or long-term workers at the same job where Carpal Tunnel Syndrome is a risk

• “Work participation and long work careers are becoming critical for the sustainability of aging societies. Carpal Tunnel Release is a fairly common procedure, often carried out due to difficulties or inability to perform work duties. It is rather paradoxical that we know so little about the extent to which this procedure can restore workability and enhance return to earlier or amended duties and not even how long it typically takes to return to work after Carpal Tunnel Release.”

When can I return to work after carpal tunnel release surgery?

Many people have successful carpal tunnel syndrome surgery and they can return to work and activities weeks after the surgery. These are people we typically do not see at our center. We see the people who had complications of delayed recovery.

An April 2019 study comes to us from hand surgeons in the United Kingdom. Writing in the Journal of Hand Surgery, European Volume (7) the authors wrote:

“There is a limited evidence base from which to derive recommendations for safe and effective return to different types of occupation after carpal tunnel release surgery. The current practice (recommendations) of members of the British Society for Surgery of the Hand and the British Association of Hand Therapists was investigated with a questionnaire. In total, 173 surgeons and 137 therapists responded. (Average) recommended return to work times was:

• 7 days for desk-based duties,
• 15 days for repetitive light manual duties and
• 30 days for heavy manual duties.”

However, the responses were wide-ranging:

• While some stressed a sooner return to work for desk-based studies at seven days, some doctors recommended that the patient wait thirty days.
• An average of 15 days for repetitive light manual duties saw some doctors recommending 8 weeks or 56 days off work.
• 30 days for heavy manual duties could extend to a 90-day recommendation by some doctors as a “routine recommendation.”

Conclusion: “Variation in the recommended timescales for return to work and other functional activities after carpal tunnel release suggests that patients are receiving different, possibly even conflicting, advice.”

Comparing open carpal tunnel release(OCTR), mini-open carpal tunnel release (mOCTR), or endoscopic carpal tunnel release (ECTR) for returning to work

Four years later, a May 2023 research data collected and published in the journal Expert Review of Medical Devices (8) echoed the 2018 paper in suggesting that the “determinants of time to return to activity and return to work after carpal tunnel release (CTR) remain unclear.”

The researchers in this study compared outcomes in open carpal tunnel release (OCTR), mini-open carpal tunnel release (mOCTR), or endoscopic carpal tunnel release (ECTR) and the outcomes of return to activity or return to work.

• A total of 7386 patients in 48 studies were included
  • 4541 patients treated with open carpal tunnel release (OCTR),
  • 1085 patients treated with mini-open carpal tunnel release (mOCTR),
  • 1760 patients treated with endoscopic carpal tunnel release (ECTR).
• Among 15 studies reporting a return to activity, the average was 13.1 days.
• Among 43 studies reporting a return to work, the average was 23.4 days.

The researchers concluded: “The time to return to activity and return to work after carpal tunnel release is highly variable and influenced by study-, patient-, and physician-specific factors.”

Complications in endoscopic carpal tunnel release

A June 2023 paper (9) from doctors at the University of Rochester Medical Center and Duke University School of Medicine “found that endoscopic carpal tunnel release was associated independently with a 2.96 times greater likelihood of requiring revision carpal tunnel release within one year, compared to open carpal tunnel release. Male sex, concurrent cubital tunnel syndrome, tobacco use, and diabetes also were associated independently with greater risk of needing revision carpal tunnel release within one year.”

Complications in surgery when cutting the transverse carpal ligament

An August 2023 paper in the Journal of biomechanical engineering (10) There is a desire for the surgical management of carpal tunnel syndrome. “Carpal tunnel release surgery transects the transverse carpal ligament to expand the tunnel arch space, decompress the median nerve, and relieve the associated symptoms. However, the surgical procedure unavoidably disrupts essential anatomical, biomechanical, and physiological functions of the wrist, potentially causing reduced grip strength, pillar pain, carpal bone instability, scar tissue formation, and perineural fibrosis (simply scar tissue on and surrounding the nerve causing compression).” In this paper, various techniques are described that do not require cutting the transverse carpal ligament. They included radio ulnar wrist compression, muscle-ligament interaction, and palmar pulling.

Inappropriate Preoperative Gabapentinoid and post-surgical opioid problems

Many people are delaying surgery or are on a list to get surgery and they may have to wait. While they are waiting or delaying they may be prescribed Gabapentin, an anti-epileptic drug, or an anticonvulsant drug. Gabapentin is prescribed in adults to treat neuropathic pain such as that found in carpal tunnel syndrome.

A May 2020 article in The Journal of Hand Surgery (11) issued these cautions on why patients were being prescribed Gabapentin when they should not be.

• Gabapentinoids are commonly prescribed for the treatment of neuropathic pain but are not recommended for the primary treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome.
• The investigators examined the preoperative use of gabapentinoid for the treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome and to determine whether preoperative exposure is associated with persistent gabapentinoid and opioid use after carpal tunnel release.

Patients continued to fill gabapentinoid prescriptions at 91 to 180 days after surgery

Results:

• Of the 56,593 patients without a previous gabapentinoid or opioid prescription prior to diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome, 3,474 patients (6%) filled a gabapentinoid prescription before carpal tunnel release.
• Overall, 835 patients (24% of the preoperative users) continued to fill gabapentinoid prescriptions at 91 to 180 days after surgery.
• Of the preoperative gabapentinoid users, 20% (702 patients) continued to fill opioid prescriptions at 91 to 80 days after release.

Gabapentinoids should be avoided when possible

Conclusions: Despite a lack of evidence to support the use of gabapentinoids for carpal tunnel syndrome, 6% of patients are prescribed a gabapentinoid prior to surgery, and prolonged use is common. Given the effectiveness of surgical release and the risks associated with gabapentinoids, greater attention is needed to ensure that gabapentinoids are prescribed appropriately, avoided when possible, and stopped after surgery.

Cortisone or mini-open-release surgery

A March 2023 study in the Frontiers in Neurology (12) compared clinical outcomes of ultrasound-guided needle release with corticosteroid injection vs. mini-open surgery in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome. In this paper, 40 patients (40 wrists) with CTS were treated during 2021. A total of 20 wrists were treated with ultrasound-guided needle release plus corticosteroid injection (Group A), and the other 20 wrists were treated with mini-open surgery (Group B). Patients were evaluated before and 3 months after treatment for pain reduction, function, healing time, and complications. The researchers found significant improvement in both groups. They noted: “Ultrasound-guided needle release plus corticosteroid injection provides smaller incision, less cost, less time of treatment, and faster recovery compared with mini-open surgery. Ultrasound-guided needle release plus corticosteroid injection is better for clinical application.”

More on cortisone as an alternative to surgery and failure of treatment resulting in surgery. What we see is that in more severe problems of carpal tunnel syndrome, steroid injection was seen as a less viable option of treatment.

A June 2023 paper published in the journal Plastic and reconstructive surgery (13) explored why some people got steroids and others did not in the treatment of their carpal tunnel syndrome. The researchers here noted: “Steroid injections are commonly used as first-line treatment for carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS); however, research has shown that their benefit is generally short-term and many patients go on to receive carpal tunnel release.”

The researchers questioned whether it was the effectiveness of the steroid injection or the way it was prescribed that resulted in many patients moving on to surgery. To assess this question they looked at data from nine hand surgery centers. What they found was “Steroid injection use significantly varied by practice, ranging from 12-53% of patients. The odds of receiving a steroid injection were 1.4 times higher for females, 1.6 times higher for patients with chronic pain syndrome, 0.5 times lower for patients with moderate electromyography (EMG), and 0.4 times lower for patients with severe EMG classification (more severe disability). Patients with high CTS-6 scores (a scoring tool to assess the severity of CTS) and patients with moderate or severe EMG had lower odds of receiving multiple steroid injections.”

What we see is that in more severe problems of carpal tunnel syndrome, steroid injection was seen as a less viable option of treatment.

A further look at corticosteroids for carpal tunnel syndrome

A summary of a February 2023 paper on the use of corticosteroids for carpal tunnel syndrome published in the medical publication Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (14) says: “Corticosteroid injection into the wrist probably improves symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome (compression of a nerve in the wrist) and function of the hand for up to six months. Quality of life assessments, and tests of nerve conduction measured up to three months after injection, may also improve. Corticosteroid injection may reduce the need for surgery, assessed at a one‐year follow‐up. Side effects appear to be rare. However, spontaneous improvement without treatment can occur in up to a third of people.”

The takeaway point is, the injections can help, may delay surgery, and in one-third of patients, the carpal tunnel problems go away by themselves. However for the patients still with problems, pain relief and treatment still present challenges.

Corticosteroid, physical therapy, kinesiology, and other non-surgical treatment options for carpal tunnel syndrome

Corticosteroid or non-steroid anti-inflammatory injections

A June 2023 paper in The Annals of Pharmacotherapy (15) noted that oral nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) do not provide any additional benefits for carpal tunnel syndrome. In this paper, the researchers then tried injectable forms of NSAIDs to see if they were effective. The point was to see if an alternative to cortisone could be provided to some patients.  What the researchers did was compare the injection of triamcinolone (steroid) or ketorolac (anti-inflammatory) into the carpal tunnel. They found both injections “relieved pain, increased function, and improved electrodiagnostic findings in patients with mild to moderate carpal tunnel syndrome. It also showed that triamcinolone (steroid) was superior to ketorolac (NSAIDs) in terms of analgesic effect and resulted in greater improvement in symptom severity and function.

Seeking to avoid cortisone injections, many people turn to physical therapy.

A May 2023 paper published in the Asian Journal of Surgery (16) compared and reviewed controversies surrounding the clinical effect of local corticosteroid injection and physical therapy for the treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome. In this paper, 12 previously published studies were examined. The researchers combined the data from these studies in comparative analysis and did not find outcome differences between treatments. The researchers noted the published research did not give clear indications of the superiority of one treatment over another, only one “might” be better. They concluded:  “Compared to physical therapy, local corticosteroid injection might have better treatment effects on carpal tunnel syndrome.”

Seeking to avoid cortisone injections, many people turn to extracorporeal shock wave therapy.

As with any treatment, some patients may find benefits in the use of cortisone injections. Of course, the side effects of prolonged cortisone use are well documented. These would include tissue breakdown. Please see our article Alternative to Cortisone Injections.

Some people opting for an alternative to cortisone may explore extracorporeal shock wave therapy. It is likely that if you are reading this article and you have suffered from years of chronic wrist pain that you may have already had these treatments or they are on your list of “treatments,” not tried yet. A November 2020 paper in the Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research (7) offers a head-to-head comparison of the two treatments.

In this study, the researchers acknowledged that “many studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of extracorporeal shock wave therapy and local corticosteroid injection for the treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome, and some studies showed that the effect of extracorporeal shock wave therapy was superior to local corticosteroid injection.” Here the researchers conducted their own evaluation by investigating the results of previously published studies and combining the data.

What they found was:

• Results showed that the two therapies were not significantly different in terms of the visual analog scale (a 1-10 numerical pain scoring system), the Boston Carpal Tunnel Questionnaire (survey patients are given to assess their own pain and function. It is likely you may have taken this survey and probably more than once.) Also, there was no significant difference in nerve testing including a nerve conduction velocity test.

This research team concluded: “In terms of pain relief and function improvement, the effects of extracorporeal shock wave therapy and local corticosteroid injection are not significantly different. In terms of electrophysiological parameters (the electric activity and ability of nerves to move and relay messages), local corticosteroid injection has a stronger effect on shortening motor distal latency (the nerve messages travel faster and there is less nerve dysfunction); extracorporeal shock wave therapy is superior to local corticosteroid injection in improving action potential amplitude (improving nerve dysfunction). Extracorporeal shock wave therapy is a non-invasive treatment with fewer complications and greater patient safety.”

Researchers in Turkey, writing in the American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation (17) compared the effectiveness of radial extracorporeal shock wave therapy and local corticosteroid injection on pain, function, and nerve conduction studies in the treatment of idiopathic carpal tunnel syndrome. A total of 72 patients who were diagnosed as having carpal tunnel syndrome were included in the study.

The 72 patients were divided into three groups:

• The radial extracorporeal shock wave therapy group received radial extracorporeal shock wave therapy
• The local corticosteroid injection group received local corticosteroid injection
• The control group only used a resting hand splint.

Results: Both clinical and nerve conduction study parameters improved with all three groups, and this improvement continued at the 12th-week follow-up of the patients. However, pain and function scores were significantly lower in the local corticosteroid injection group compared with the other two groups.

Low-level laser therapy and corticosteroid injection

A June 2022 paper from researchers in Turkey published in the journal Lasers in medical science (18) compared the effects of low-level laser therapy and corticosteroid injection in patients with moderate carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS).

• In this study, eighty-seven patients (some with one side and some with bilateral CTS, all in total, 143 wrists) with moderate CTS were divided into a  corticosteroid, 40 mg of triamcinolone acetate solution was applied to the carpal tunnel of 44 patients (74 wrists), or low-level laser therapy groups. Low-level laser therapy was applied to 43 patients (70 wrists) five times a week, for a total of 15 sessions
• In both groups, carpal tunnel syndrome symptom pain and hand function improved significantly in the 1st month after treatment. There was no significant difference in the 6th month (intermediate-term).

Acupuncture combined with physical therapy

A July 2023 paper in the Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies (19) found that acupuncture combined with physical therapy was more effective than physical therapy alone in alleviating carpal tunnel pain. In this study, forty patients with mild to moderate carpal tunnel syndrome were randomly divided into two groups of 20. Both groups received exercise and manual techniques for 10 sessions. Patients in the physiotherapy plus acupuncture group also received 30 min of acupuncture in every session.

Kinesio taping

In a July 2023 paper in the journal Physiotherapy research international (20) thirteen studies were included, comprising 665 participants with carpal tunnel syndrome. This meta-analysis revealed a strong effect of kinesio taping on distal sensory latency and a weak effect on functionality and pain, while no significantly superior effects were found on the symptom severity, strength, or neurophysiological outcomes (distal motor latency and sensory conduction velocity) compared to other physical therapy techniques or untreated control group in the short term, with moderate-certainty evidence.

Does splinting help people with carpal tunnel syndrome?

A team of international researchers examined previously published material on the use of splints in helping people with carpal tunnel syndrome. Writing in February 2023 in The Cochrane Database of systematic reviews (22), they wrote: “There is insufficient evidence to conclude whether splinting benefits people with carpal tunnel syndrome. Limited evidence does not exclude small improvements in carpal tunnel syndrome symptoms and hand function, but they may not be clinically important, and the clinical relevance of small differences with splinting is unclear. Low-certainty evidence suggests that people may have a greater chance of experiencing overall improvement with night-time splints than with no treatment. As splinting is a relatively inexpensive intervention with no plausible long-term harms, small effects could justify its use, particularly when patients are not interested in having surgery or injections.”|

Vitamin D supplementation

When it comes to vitamin supplementation, there is always controversy. A May 2023 study (21) found symptoms and test results, including functional score, nerve conduction, and pain, were improved after Vitamin D supplementation in carpal tunnel syndrome patients. People with low Vitamin D levels also displayed worsening symptoms. “Nevertheless, some studies did not find a significant relationship between low serum 25(OH)D and more significant pain.”

A November 2022 (23) paper suggested the administration of vitamin D supplementation in patients with CTS can significantly improve the postoperative symptoms of tendon release surgery and further improve the severity of symptoms and dysfunction of patients.

Other Injection Techniques for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

In this section, we will explore Dextrose Prolotherapy and Platelet Rich Plasma injections.

The use of Platelet Rich Plasma therapy for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

• PRP treatment takes your blood, like going for a blood test, and re-introduces the concentrated blood platelets from your blood into areas of the carpal tunnel region.
• Your blood platelets contain growth and healing factors. When concentrated through simple centrifuging, your blood plasma becomes “rich” in healing factors, thus the name Platelet RICH plasma.
• The procedure and preparation of therapeutic doses of growth factors consist of autologous blood collection (blood from the patient), plasma separation (blood is centrifuged), and application of the plasma rich in growth factors (injecting the plasma into the area.) In our office, patients are generally seen every 4-6 weeks. Typically three to six visits are necessary per area.
• In much of the research surrounding PRP treatments you will see, single injections given and then monitored for months. This is not the way we perform these treatments. In our 30+ years of clinical experience, we have noted that degenerative damage requires a more comprehensive approach. Even so, improvements in single-shot treatments have been noted in the medical literature.

Platelet Rich Plasma could reduce swelling of the median nerve for a mid-long-term pain relief effect

In a capacity as an anti-inflammatory agent, in November 2020, researchers publishing in the medical journal BioMed Research International (24) evaluated the effectiveness of platelet-rich plasma injections in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome. What they found in their research was PRP could be effective for mild to moderate carpal tunnel syndrome and superior to traditional conservative treatments in improving pain and function and reducing the swelling of the median nerve for a mid-long-term effect. To some extent, the electrophysiological indexes (nerve function) also improved after PRP injection compared with other conservative treatments.

“PRP represents a promising therapy for patients with mild to moderate carpal tunnel syndrome.” But:

A May 2020 study from the University of Toronto published in the Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (25) reviewed the current research comparing Platelet Rich Plasma Therapy injections, cortisone, and saline injections. They concluded that “PRP represents a promising therapy for patients with mild to moderate carpal tunnel syndrome; however, included studies were limited as follow-up was short, the studies included patients that were heterogeneous (widespread to be able to isolate on a subgroup that may have had better or lesser success than another group), and the number of included studies was low. Further investigation is necessary to determine the true efficacy and effect of PRP and to better delineate the long-term results in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome.”

“Platelet-rich plasma could be an effective treatment of mild to moderate idiopathic carpal tunnel syndrome and superior to corticosteroid in improving pain, function, and distal sensory latency of median nerve.”

A December 2019 study published in the journal Clinical Rheumatology (26) looked at patients suffering from mild to moderate carpal tunnel syndrome. They were randomly divided into two groups. Group 1: patients received ultrasound-guided PRP injection and group two patients received ultrasound-guided corticosteroid injection. The researchers in this study closely examined the impact of treatments on the median nerve.

• The PRP group included 40 females and 9 males. The cortisone group included 41 females and 8 males.
• PRP injection had significantly improved the clinical manifestations, the electrodiagnostic examination  parameters of the median nerve, and the median nerve cross-sectional area at 1 month and 3 months post-injection evaluation in comparison to baseline recordings;
• Local steroid injection (cortisone) had significantly improved the clinical manifestations, the electrodiagnostic examination  parameters of the median nerve, and the median nerve cross-sectional area at 1 month and 3 months post-injection evaluation in comparison to baseline recordings
• PRP injection was superior to the local steroid injection in the improvement of clinical manifestations as well as the median nerve motor conduction velocity along the wrist-elbow segment, the sensory latency (how long your nerves take to respond to stimulation), and the median nerve sensory conduction (demonstrated by nerve conduction studies), this superiority was observed in the third-month follow-up suggesting better outcomes in long-term follow-up.
• CONCLUSION: “Platelet Rich Plasma could be an effective treatment of mild to moderate idiopathic carpal tunnel syndrome and superior to corticosteroids in improving pain, function, and distal sensory latency of the median nerve.”

Let’s point out here that this is a single PRP injection versus a single cortisone injection. A more comprehensive approach to PRP would likely produce superior results as we have seen in our clinical observations and outcomes.

The single PRP injection for carpal tunnel syndrome

Typically we do not find that we can help a patient achieve long-lasting healing with a single injection of PRP. Some people do achieve this result.

Doctors at Greece’s Athens University published their findings in the journal Neural Regeneration Research (27) in which they investigated whether a single injection of platelet-rich plasma can improve the clinical symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome.

• Fourteen patients presenting with median nerve injury who had suffered from mild carpal tunnel syndrome for over 3 months were included in this study.
• Under ultrasound guidance, platelet-rich plasma was injected into the region around the median nerve
• At one month after a single injection of platelet-rich plasma, pain (as measured by a standard visual analog scale) almost disappeared in eight patients and it was obviously alleviated in three patients. At the same time, upper limb function was obviously improved.
• In addition, no ultrasonographic manifestation of carpal tunnel syndrome was found in five patients during ultrasonographic measurement of the width of the median nerve. During the 3-month follow-up, the pain was not greatly alleviated in three patients. These findings show very encouraging mid-term outcomes regarding the use of platelet-rich plasma for the treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome.

A later paper from these same researchers (28) published in 2018 in the Journal of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine found similar findings regarding the effectiveness of a single injection of platelet-rich plasma (PRP).

• In this latter study, 50 patients diagnosed with mild to moderate carpal tunnel syndrome and who had symptoms for a minimum of 3 months were randomly divided into 2 groups:
  • Group A (26 patients) received an ultrasound-guided PRP injection into the carpal tunnel.
  • Group B (24 patients) were injected with a placebo (normal saline).
• Group A – the PRP injection patients showed a 76.9% success in treatment whereas Group B – the placebo group – patients demonstrated 33.3% success. This is considered statistically significant.

When will a single PRP injection fail?

We take great strides in our articles to give a realistic assessment of treatments based on nearly three decades of helping people with conditions related to wrist pain, elbow pain, thumb pain, and Carpal Tunnel Syndrome. We have seen people respond to one treatment of PRP, however, we do not use PRP as a stand-alone treatment. In our opinion, maximum results can be achieved if we combine PRP treatment with dextrose Prolotherapy injections and sometimes non-surgical nerve release. In our clinical experience, while one injection of PRP may help some people, it is usually not the long-term relief the people seek. This is also borne out by the number of people who contact us seeking to continue a more comprehensive PRP Carpal Tunnel Syndrome treatment following a failed healing program. However, it is not just the number or type of treatment a patient receives that may lead to treatment failure. There can be other factors.

A June 2021 study published in the International Journal of Clinical Practice (29) tried to offer guidelines to help doctors predict who would have successful PRP treatments for their Carpal Tunnel Syndrome and those who would have less of a chance to have successful PRP treatment for their Carpal Tunnel Syndrome.

• In this study, the doctors followed seventy-one patients with moderate carpal tunnel syndrome who received a single PRP injection. The patient’s progress was assessed at three months and at six months post-injection using the standard 0-10 visual analog scale (VAS) score.
  • Patients who showed improvement in pain scores of MORE than 50% were deemed “patients with good outcomes.”
  • Patients who showed improvement in pain scores of LESS than 50% were deemed “patients with poor outcomes.”

What were the factors that may have caused some of the patients to have poor outcomes?

• Weight, patients with more body weight had less than good results
• Distal motor latency problems. Many of you have had Distal motor latency testing, many after the initial surgery. This is a motor nerve conduction test. The test is seen as a collaboration of nerve conduction improvement following successful carpal tunnel surgery. In the patients who did not have good PRP results, distal motor latency did not improve.
• Too much inflammation. The cross-sectional area of the median nerve was “thicker.” People who suffer from Carpal Tunnel Syndrome have significant swelling, thickening, and irritation in the tendons and surrounding wrist area. These swelled-up tendons can then compress the median nerve.

Caring Medical’s approach to carpal tunnel syndrome – stability and strength in wrist and elbow

Actual carpal tunnel syndromes are caused by compression of the median nerve and pseudo carpal tunnel syndromes are caused by ligament weakness. They both may present with the same or similar symptoms but have entirely different pathology.

In our treatments, we utilize:

• Comprehensive Prolotherapy Treatment. This involves multiple injections of the dextrose-based solution to the various ligament attachments around the elbow or wrist. A treatment for the wrist area is demonstrated below.
• Injections are made to the injured and weakened structures of the wrist and elbow. The goal is to stimulate a natural inflammatory response in the weakened ligament tissues and initiate a repair of these tissues.
• The mechanism works by way of the Prolotherapy treatments sending regenerative cells to the areas of the wrist or elbow that need healing, and collagen is laid down. Collagen is an important building block of soft tissue. This strengthens the weak wrist and elbow ligaments. They become tighter and stronger, and the original cause of pain and symptoms is eliminated.

Prolotherapy treatment demonstrated and described

In the video below, Ross Hauser MD demonstrates and describes Prolotherapy to the wrist. A summary of the video is below.

Summary:

• The patient in the video is a personal fitness trainer. She is very physically fit. She does many exercises that put a lot of pressure on her wrists – push-ups, Zumba, and yoga.
• The pain in her wrist is making it very difficult for her to demonstrate the various exercises to her classes.
• We are injecting both rows of the carpal bones. The wrist is comprised of 8 bones and 27 ligaments. It is easy to see why a treatment that focuses on strengthening and repairing the wrist ligaments would be so important to someone with significant wrist pain.
• We see many people with wrist pain on the ulnar side where Triangular fibrocartilage complex injuries occur.
• The video shows treatment around the navicular bone and the scaphoid lunate and surrounding ligaments. We see a lot of injuries there.
• The average person requires 3 to 6 treatments.
• Prolotherapy injections can be very effective for wrist instability. When we treat the wrist, we treat the entire wrist not only the ulnar side.

A case study of a 42-year female athlete with Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

We have seen countless patients with wrist, elbow, and carpal tunnel-type syndromes. So have many of our Prolotherapy colleges. In Turkey, doctors reported this case history in the British Journal of Sports Medicine: (30)

• Forty-two years old recreational female athletes had Carpal Tunnel diagnoses in both wrists for 6 months.
• Treated with NSAIDs, B6 vitamin, and ultrasound therapy were used.
• Symptoms eased but healing was not completed.
• Prolotherapy was used and injected into the bone at the enthesis (the ligament attachment to the bone) of the transverse carpal ligament
• Injections were done 2 weeks apart and 3 injections were done.
• The patient was prescribed a home standard exercise program.
• The patient was reminded at each contact to avoid NSAIDs and new therapies for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome to limit the overuse of the wrist during the treatment period.
• Results of treatment: Pain scores improved significantly.
• Results of treatment: Nerve conduction velocity also showed an improvement. The nerves functioned better based on the speed of messages.

The case for Dextrose injections in helping your carpal tunnel problems

In this next study, the researchers discuss 5% Dextrose injections. As mentioned above, Prolotherapy treatment involves multiple injections of the dextrose-based solution to the various ligament attachments around the elbow or wrist. We must next have a discussion on the dextrose percentages and what it means to you

The percentages of dextrose mean something

In 2016, our Caring Medical research team published a paper in Clinical Medicine Insights. Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Disorders. (31) Here we wrote:

“The most common Prolotherapy agent used in clinical practice is dextrose, with concentrations ranging from 12.5% to 25%. Dextrose is considered to be an ideal proliferant because it is water-soluble, a normal constituent of blood chemistry, and can be injected safely into multiple areas and in large quantities.” The reason for the increased percentage is to counteract dilution in the joints. The greater the strength of the dextrose solution the more healing. So in the paper discussed below 5% dextrose injection is 2 – 3 times weaker than a typical Prolotherapy injection. So let’s see how the 5% or less potent injection does. It does pretty well.

A March 2020 study in the medical journal Pharmaceuticals (32) reviewed the findings of a number of clinical trials which the research team suggested yielded several important findings on regenerative injections in carpal tunnel syndrome.

• First, considering the effectiveness of symptom relief, D5W (a 5% Dextrose in water solution injection) was likely to be the best alternative for carpal tunnel syndrome, followed by PRP injection.
• Second, splinting ranked higher than PRP and 5% Dextrose injections in terms of functional recovery. (Splinting can be used in conjunction with
• Third, corticosteroid and saline injections ranked fourth and fifth, respectively, with respect to clinical effectiveness in providing symptom and function improvement.

The researchers concluded:

• First, a 5% Dextrose injection (Prolotherapy type)  and PRP injections can be considered useful regimens for the treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome of mild to moderate severity because both methods yield better effectiveness in terms of symptom relief and functional improvement than corticosteroid and saline injections.
• Second, the mechanical effect of hydro-dissection (we discuss this below, the separation of the nerve from the surrounding tissue) may substantially contribute to the benefits derived from a 5% Dextrose Injection. This procedure is recommended to be performed under ultrasound guidance.
• Third, splinting provides proper positioning and adequate rest of the wrist in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome and seems crucial for functional recovery. Post-injection splinting should be considered in combination with regenerative injections.

Prolotherapy versus cortisone

A July 2022 paper in the journal Pain Management (33) issued an assessment of the effectiveness of ultrasound-guided dextrose prolotherapy against corticosteroid injections for the treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome.

• A total of 54 patients with carpal tunnel syndrome were included.
• Patients who were assigned to the prolotherapy group were injected with 5cc 5% dextrose water under ultrasound guidance.
• Patients in the corticosteroid group received ultrasound-guided 1 ml triamcinolone 40 mg/ml injection.
• Results: Direct comparison analysis revealed that dextrose prolotherapy has similar effectiveness as corticosteroids for improving pain intensity, functional limitation in daily life, electrophysiologic parameters, and ultrasonographic outcomes.
• No remarkable difference was found between the two treatments until 3 months of follow-up.
• Conclusion: Dextrose 5% has similar efficacy as triamcinolone for improving pain intensity, functional limitation in daily life, electrophysiologic parameters, and ultrasonographic outcomes.

PRP, Prolotherapy, and Non-surgical Nerve Release & Regeneration Injection Therapy for Neuropathy

Many syndromes involve entrapment of a certain nerve, with carpal tunnel syndrome being one of the most common conditions. In this case, the median nerve, which supplies many of the muscles and sensations in the hand, resides in the carpal tunnel of the wrist. The carpal tunnel walls are lined by bone on the sides and bottom and a tough fibrous tissue on the top called the transverse carpal ligament. The bones that comprise the walls of the carpal tunnel (as in other bony tunnels) are connected to other bones that make up the wrist. When a person sustains a wrist ligament injury, the adjacent bones can move too much, thus narrowing the carpal tunnel. In this instance, Nerve Release & Regeneration Injection Therapy is performed in combination with Comprehensive Prolotherapy to free the compressed median nerve, often providing instant pain relief, as well as opening the space long-term by correcting the excessive wrist-bone movement by stabilizing this joint.

A key clue that a nerve entrapment syndrome such as carpal tunnel syndrome stems from joint instability is associated with cracking, popping, or clicking in the joints near the bony tunnel. On physical examination, other clues include excessive motion or soft joint end feel compared to the non-symptomatic side, as well as tenderness when the ligaments of the nearest joint are palpated and stressed. When these signs or symptoms are not present, the cause of the nerve entrapment is most likely not joint instability. Thus, these are more likely to be appropriate for Nerve Release & Regeneration Injection Therapy as the primary treatment.

What are we seeing in this image?

Nerve Release & Regeneration Injection Therapy, NRRIT is a nerve hydrodissection technique that we have found very successful in releasing peripheral nerve entrapments like those found commonly in Carpal Tunnel Syndrome and related syndromes such as Ulnar Tunnel Syndrome / Guyon canal syndrome.

 

How Many Treatments of NRRIT are Required?

Sometimes only one treatment is needed, but often, three to six visits are needed, especially in cases of severe joint instability where the nerve irritation is located. Patients suffering from nerve pain should not delay seeking medical care for these conditions. This cannot be overemphasized. Permanent nerve damage may occur.

 

First, we will discuss a study on PRP alone in the treatment of neuropathy in carpal tunnel syndrome, and then we will discuss non-surgical nerve release.

In a six-month follow-up study, university researchers in Taiwan found that Platelet Rich Plasma Therapy effectively relieves pain and improves disability in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome. (34). In this 2017 research, the team examined a few small reports with short follow-up periods that showed the clinical benefits of Platelet-Rich Plasma for peripheral neuropathy (see below) including one pilot study and one small, non-randomized trial in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome.

Non-surgical Nerve Release & Regeneration Injection Therapy and Joint Stabilizing Treatments

A June 2023 paper published in the journal Neurological Research (37) compared the effect of Prolotherapy versus cortisone in perineural (around the nerve) injection. Here is what the researchers wrote: “5% dextrose (Prolotherapy) perineural injection has been a potential and innovative treatment with long-term effects for carpal however, there is few published randomized clinical trial comparing the efficacy of 5% dextrose perineural injection versus corticosteroid injection in treating carpal tunnel syndrome. What these researchers found was in the short term both treatments were effective, They concluded the paper by saying: “5% dextrose perineural injection is an effective and safe treatment for mild to moderate carpal tunnel syndrome, in comparison with the short-term results attained from corticosteroids. Further randomized clinical trials with longer follow-up periods are warranted.”

A March 2023 study in the journal Cureus (38) illustrated three cases with bifid median nerve (a split nerve characteristic of carpal tunnel syndrome) in whom median nerve entrapments were not detected with Nerve conduction studies and symptom relief was provided with hydrodissection with 2 ml 5% dextrose.

The three cases:

• A 38-year-old female patient with complaints of numbness and pain in her left hand for five months.
• A 32-year-old female patient with pain and numbness and a tingling sensation along the median nerve distribution in her left hand.
• A 28-year-old female patient with dull, aching discomfort and paresthesia in her hands. Her symptoms woke her from sleep and she shook out her hands to try to relieve her symptoms.

The case reports concluded: “In patients with bifid median nerve whose diagnosis could not be confirmed with Nerve conduction studies, ultrasound-guided 5% dextrose hydrodissection resulted in a safe and significant improvement in paresthesia and pain. Considering that 5% dextrose in the treatment of CTS does not damage the nerves and has a similar efficacy with triamcinolone in improving the quality of daily life, it may be preferred over corticosteroids, especially in cases where the diagnosis is uncertain.”

Do you have questions about your problems with carpal tunnel syndrome? Get help and information from our Caring Medical staff.

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This article was updated July 10, 2023

 

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