What are the different types of knee injections for bone on bone knees?

Ross A. Hauser, MD., Danielle R. Steilen-Matias, MMS, PA-C

If you are reading this article, there is a very strong chance that one of three things is happening to you.

This article represents an accumulation of all the material presented on this website and summarized. Because the subject “injections for bone on bone knees” is broad, we invite you to research further on these pages, more specifically the type of treatment you are looking for:

For a more detailed discussion please see our articles:

“What is the best injection for knee pain?”

Many times someone will reach out to us and ask the simple question: “What is the best injection for knee pain?” The answer is, “the one that works for you.”

In this article, we will explore:

Cortisone injections

Hyaluronic acid injections or Viscosupplementation for Knee Osteoarthritis: What to expect when getting gel injections in the knee.

Platelet Rich Plasma Therapy

Types of stem cell injections for knee osteoarthritis.

Prolotherapy

Botox® injections for knee pain.

Acupuncture

Dry Needling

Ozone Therapy

Every one of these injection treatments has success stories behind them. Every one of these treatments has less than successful stories behind them. For some people, these injections could not prevent knee replacement.

Cortisone Knee Injections: In the past, your doctor may have recommended against the use of cortisone because it was clear to him or her that there was knee surgery in your future.

The caption of this image reads” “articular cartilage deterioration as evidenced by fibrillation (fraying, splitting, and erosion of cartilage), fissures (cracks), and flaking. Cortisone is known to cause this condition.

articular cartilage deterioration as evidenced by fibrillation (fraying, splitting and erosion of cartilage), fissures (cracks) and flaking. Cortisone is known to cause this condition.

In the past, your doctor may have recommended against the use of cortisone because it was clear to him or her that there was a knee surgery in your future. The concern is if you get cortisone injections into your knee prior to surgery, you will have a greater risk of complications after the surgery. There is a lot of debate around this subject. Some doctors say to avoid the cortisone, other doctors are saying it is okay to get one shot to hold you over until you can get surgery, or maybe the cortisone will reduce your inflammation enough after the first shot that you will have some degree of pain relief and comfort for a few months, a year, maybe longer.

We are going to start with cortisone because cortisone was the injection of choice. Much has changed.

Cortisone is no longer considered the miracle cure for knee pain and should be used sparingly if at all. Side effects such as increases in blood glucose levels a reduction in immune function, and an increased risk of infections

Cortisone causes joint damage. There is no longer a debate on that subject. The debate now is how to use cortisone injections if at all.

In a January 2021 paper from doctors at Northwestern University McGaw Medical Center, Rutgers School of Medicine, and Boston College, a current guideline was given for the use of cortisone: The paper appeared in the journal Pain Physician (1) and included the following observations.

The one thing that has become the general consensus is: Cortisone is no longer considered the miracle cure for knee pain and should be used sparingly if at all.

You are sitting in the orthopedist’s office: The discussion turns to cortisone

If you have been to your orthopedist recently and are planning treatment options or surgical options you may have been given a paper handout or webpage to visit or verbal advice on what to expect if you are getting a cortisone injection into your knee.

You may have been told:

The cortisone injection is to help you now, it is not a permanent solution.

Physical therapy may be an option instead of the cortisone injection

You need to lose weight and exercise so the cortisone injection will work better

You need to lose weight and exercise so the cortisone injection will work better

Corticosteroid knee injections provided no significant pain relief after two years. Researchers say: Do not give cortisone for knee osteoarthritis.

In 2017, doctors from Tufts Medical Center in Boston asked, “What are the effects of intra-articular injection of 40 mg of triamcinolone acetonide (a synthetic corticosteroid medication) every 3 months on the progression of cartilage loss and knee pain in patients with osteoarthritis?” Writing in the Journal of the American Medical Association, (JAMA) (3) they published their answer:

“Among patients with symptomatic knee osteoarthritis, 2 years of intra-articular triamcinolone, compared with intra-articular saline, resulted in significantly greater cartilage volume loss and no significant difference in knee pain. These findings do not support this treatment for patients with symptomatic knee osteoarthritis.

Although surgery and cortisone are common, randomized trials have failed to produce evidence for the effectiveness of surgery or cortisone injection or how much they work.

Moving forward on that research, a February 2020 review study with the title “Medical Reversals in Family Practice: A Review,” (4) published in the journal Current Therapeutic Research, Clinical, and Experimental offered these points:

Cortisone can make bone on bone worse by thinning out the meniscus. But one injection appears okay

One of the reasons that you are considering a knee replacement or are thinking about getting a cortisone injection is that you have been told you have a bone-on-bone knee. So the idea that cortisone may make this worse by thinning out your meniscus is concerning doctors.

In August of 2020 in the journal Scientific Reports (5) doctors expressed concerns about damaging the meniscus tissue with cortisone injections. It should be noted that this research’s main findings were that it was okay to get one cortisone injection. For many people, one injection would be considered safe. Here are the learning points of that research:

Cortisone injections before knee surgery lead to greater post-surgical infection risk.

Cortisone injections before knee surgery lead to greater post-surgical infection risk

In August 2021, research led by the Department of Orthopaedics, University of Colorado School of Medicine and published in the Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine (6) suggested that “patients undergoing knee arthroscopy who receive an intra-articular corticosteroid injection during the perioperative period can be expected to experience significantly higher postoperative infection rates when compared with patients not receiving an injection. Furthermore, patients receiving a corticosteroid injection pre- or intraoperatively may experience significantly higher rates of postoperative infection when compared with patients receiving an injection postoperatively.”

The cortisone knee injection debate goes on

A December 2020 (7) study published in the medical journal Rheumatology gives this overview assessment of the debate surrounding the use of cortisone for a bone-on-bone knee. Here are the summary learning points:

Returning to the research study:

Returning to the research study: In some people, swelling comes and goes, it is hard to suggest who cortisone would be successful for among these people.

Returning to the research study: The more suitable cortisone patient is:

We do not offer cortisone injections at our center. In approaching three decades of helping people with knee pain this is a treatment that we did not find beneficial. In 2009, our research team wrote in the Journal of Prolotherapy: “It is (our) opinion that there is no doubt that the rise of osteoarthritis, as well as the number of hip and knee replacements, is a direct result of the injection of corticosteroids into these joints.”(8)

The evidence then was a summary of the effects of cortisone on articular cartilage which included:

Image-guided corticosteroid injections in the treatment of patients with knee and hip osteoarthritis

A December 2022 paper in the journal Skeletal Radiology (9)  comes from a team of authors at Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, NYU Langone Health, and Hospital Do Coracao, Sao Paulo, Brazil. In this paper, the researchers reviewed previously published studies on the use of image-guided corticosteroid injections in the treatment of patients with knee and hip osteoarthritis. Among this paper’s reviews were that of 12 knee osteoarthritis outcome studies. The researchers observed cortisone “knee injections were found either to have little or no impact or were similar or inferior to comparison injections (intra-articular hyaluronic acid, PRP, NSAIDs, normal saline, adductor canal blocks). ” The researchers concluded that the research found overall negative outcomes for the knee (injections).

A December 2022 from the University of Bristol in the United Kingdom published in the journal Osteoarthritis and Cartilage (10) investigated the effects of recurrent cortisone injections at three months and beyond in patients treated for knee osteoarthritis. Patients received between two and eight injections. They were also compared to patients receiving hyaluronic acid, platelet-rich plasma, or placebo. These are the findings:

Cortisone injections five years later, did they make knees worse? Not sure. Maybe no.

When it comes to corticosteroid injections numerous research studies, as documented here, will be in contradiction of each other. Let’s look at a March 2022 paper in the journal Arthritis & Rheumatology. (11) Here the researchers write:

Among the 564 patients with knee osteoarthritis included in this study, 51 (9.0%) and 99 (17.5%) received intra-articular corticosteroids or intra-articular hyaluronan injections, respectively, and 414 (63.1%) did not receive any injection during follow-up.

Conclusions: In this study, intra-articular corticosteroid injections for symptomatic knee osteoarthritis did not significantly increase the 5-year risk of incident total knee replacement or cause radiographic worsening osteoarthritis on MRI. These findings should be interpreted cautiously and replicated in other cohorts.

In other words – the researchers suggest that they found no significant side effects but they remind others to interpret these findings cautiously.

Electrical Stimulation Combined with Corticosteroid Injection

Electrical Stimulation Combined with Corticosteroid Injection

Electrical Dry Needling is electric stimulation in needle form. A 2022 study (12) in the Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation added electric stimulation, in needle form, to a group of knee osteoarthritis patients’ treatment. In this study, sixty patients with knee osteoarthritis were divided into two groups, one with electrical dry needling plus corticosteroid injection group or corticosteroid injection alone.

The corticosteroid injection group received one glucocorticoid injection during the study and the electrical dry needling plus corticosteroid injection group received a glucocorticoid injection combined with four sessions of electrical-Electrical Dry Needling.

Results: “Electrical Dry Needling therapy at myofascial trigger points combined with corticosteroid injection is more effective at alleviating pain, improving dysfunction, and global change than corticosteroid injection alone for patients with knee osteoarthritis. Electrical Dry Needling may be an essential part of treatment for knee osteoarthritis  rehabilitation.” Over the years we have seen patients who initially did very well with some type of electric stimulation therapy. Unfortunately for many the results were not long-lasting and for this and other clinical observations, we do not offer this treatment for knee pain.


Hyaluronic acid injections or Viscosupplementation for Knee Osteoarthritis: What to expect when getting gel injections in the knee

Much like cortisone, it is very likely that this knee injection treatment has been explained to you already by your orthopedist. It is a conservative care plan to help you try to manage along until you can get a knee surgery scheduled or you are trying to do everything you can to avoid the knee surgery.

Also like cortisone, you may have already had viscosupplementation and the effects and benefits have now worn off and you need to treat your knee differently. For some people, they may not even be reading this sentence because they have moved down the article to other treatments because this one is no longer an option for them.

What are Hyaluronic acid injections or Viscosupplementation?

The explanation that you may have been given is that hyaluronic acid injections will provide a gel-like cushion in your knee, getting between the shin and thigh bones to alleviate your bone-on-bone situation. The injections increase the volume of the protective synovial fluid in the knee.

Over the years we have seen many patients who have been on the “gel shots.”

Over the years we have seen many patients who have been on the “gel shots.” Many people do get very good results with the treatment. They are, however, designed as short-term treatments to help put off or delay knee replacement surgery.

The debate over Hyaluronic Acid Injections and knee injections. One study suggests that Hyaluronic Acid is a waste of time, money, and resources another study says it works okay

We do see many patients who have tried hyaluronic acid injections. For some, they did have a degree of success, and the injections provided short-term pain relief.  Many of these people are now in our office because the short-term has not transpired to the long-term and now they are on the path to knee replacement.

The idea behind hyaluronic acid injections is to protect the knee by reintroducing lost or diminished hyaluronic acid in the knee’s synovial fluid or “providing a cushion.” The synovial fluid is a thick gel-like liquid that helps cushion the knee and acts to absorb the daily impact of walking and running and stair climbing our knees are subjected to.

The treatment of Hyaluronic Acid Injections is also called Viscosupplementation – supplementing the “viscosity” or the thick, sticky, gel-like properties of the synovial fluid. People will also recognize these injection treatments as Viscosupplementation “rooster comb injections,” “rooster shots,” and “chicken shots,” as well as by trade names Euflexxa ®, Supartz ® Supartz FX ®, Synvisc-One ®, Synvisc ®, Hyalgan ®, Orthovisc ®, et al. All these products offer subtle differences in their treatment goals including the number of injections – however, none of them offer a permanent solution. This is what the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons posted on their website:

“Although some patients report relief of arthritis symptoms with viscosupplementation, the procedure has never been shown to reverse the arthritic process or re-grow cartilage. The effectiveness of viscosupplementation in treating arthritis is not clear. It has been proposed that viscosupplementation is most effective if the arthritis is in its early stages (mild to moderate), but more research is needed to support this. Research in viscosupplementation and its long-term effects continues.”

We have two studies here: The first says Hyaluronic Acid Injections are okay. The second says Hyaluronic Acid Injections are a waste.

Do Hyaluronic Acid Injections Work for Knee Osteoarthritis?


“Repeated courses of treatment with Hyaluronic Acid are safe and are associated with the delay of total knee replacement for up to 3 years.”

A July 2018 study in the American Journal of Orthopedics (15) recognized that for some people: “Total knee replacement is a significant procedure with potential risk for serious complications and high costs. Alternative lower-risk therapies that can delay or (prevent) total knee replacement are valuable to those who are poor candidates for surgery or wish to avoid total knee replacement as long as possible.”

Are Hyaluronic Acid Injections the answer? Here is what the study concluded: “Repeated courses of treatment with Hyaluronic Acid are safe and are associated with the delay of total knee replacement for up to 3 years.” So again, we have a three-year delay after repeated courses of Hyaluronic Acid injections supported in the research. But what about the study that says “Hyaluronic Acid Injections that delay inevitable knee replacement are a waste of time, money, and resources?”

Research: Multiple intra-articular hyaluronic acid injections can delay the need for total knee replacement for one and a half years.

A 2021 paper published in the Journal of Long-Term Effects of Medical Implants (16) explored the effect of single versus multiple rounds of intra-articular hyaluronic acid in delaying the need for total knee arthroplasty in patients with knee osteoarthritis, and if additional benefits were seen when used in conjunction with other multimodal treatment options. The other treatments were knee braces and cortisone injections. The researchers found that “treatment of knee osteoarthritis should consider the use of multimodal therapy instead of focusing on individual treatment options. Additionally, the use of repeated courses of intra-articular hyaluronic acid should be considered for the prolonged benefit for patients with symptomatic knee osteoarthritis.”

Are Hyaluronic injections low-value health care? Using Medicare Data to Understand Low-Value Health Care: The Case of Intra-articular Hyaluronic Acid Injections.

A research letter in the Journal of the American Medical Association Internal Medicine, (17) with the title: Are Hyaluronic injections low-value health care? Using Medicare Data to Understand Low-Value Health Care: The Case of Intra-articular Hyaluronic Acid Injections, backed that up with “based on high-quality evidence that hyaluronic acid injections were not associated with clinically meaningful improvement in symptoms compared with placebo injections.”

This statement paper is from 2014, let’s see if we can advance the research forward toward 2021.

The first stop is February 2016 and the journal Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. (18) It is an editorial from Seth S. Leopold, MD. Here are the quoted learning points:

Then why is your doctor still recommending this Hyaluronic Acid injection?

Let’s let Dr. Leopold continue:

“One reason might be that surgeons have relatively few effective nonsurgical alternatives that help patients with their joint pain, and—being members of a helping profession—we find this frustrating. However, our lack of effective nonsurgical treatments cannot justify the use of an ineffective one, and it must not be used to justify surgery unless surgery is indicated. Some patients will have pain that persists despite well-tested nonsurgical treatments, but not enough to warrant major joint surgery; others may not fit the biopsychosocial profile that supports a decision to perform elective arthroplasty. The answer to this is not to use a treatment like viscosupplementation that studies suggest is ineffective, nor to take a chance on surgery when it seems ill-considered to do so, but rather to explain to patients that there are some problems for which we have no effective treatments, and to help those patients adjust and adapt.”

One injection just as good as a series of Hyaluronic Acid Injections

The next stop will be a March 2019 study in the journal Current Therapeutic Research. (19)

The question being asked here is maybe more than one injection would make the treatment more effective. In fact, the question is how this paper opens: “Viscosupplementation of the synovial fluid with intra-articular hyaluronic acid is a well-known symptomatic treatment of knee osteoarthritis. The question arises whether a mono-injection (ie, single injection) could be as efficient as multi-injection (ie, 3–5 injections) regimens.”

Here is how this paper concluded: In the symptomatic treatment of knee osteoarthritis with intra-articular hyaluronic acid, the results of mono-injections (one injection) demonstrate (similar effectiveness) to the multi-injections and also when compared to a placebo injection.

Conclusion: Results of this meta-analysis suggest that the effects of a single injection of hyaluronic acid produce results similar to multi-injections of intra-articular hyaluronic acid in terms of pain relief in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis.

You can delay knee replacement realistically for about 11 months with hyaluronic acid injections

In September 2020, a study in the journal American Health and Drug Benefits,(20) assessed the value of intra-articular hyaluronic acid injections monetarily. This is a way to determine the effectiveness of the treatment. This is what the study said:

Although limiting hyaluronic acid use may reduce knee osteoarthritis-related costs, in this study hyaluronic acid injection only comprised a small fraction of the overall costs related to knee osteoarthritis. Among patients who had a knee replacement, those who received treatment with hyaluronic acid had surgery delayed by an average of 10.7 months.

Comparative study

In March 2023, doctors at the University of Colorado School of Medicine and Houston Methodist Hospital, Department of Orthopedics & Sports Medicine published a systematic review of previously published research in order to compare the effectiveness and safety of platelet-rich plasma (PRP), bone marrow aspirate concentrate (BMAC), and hyaluronic acid (HA) injections for the treatment of knee osteoarthritis. (21)

Twenty-seven studies were included in this review. The patient breakdown was as follows:

Results:

Conclusion:

Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP)

This is one of the injections that you may have been researching because it is somewhat off the traditional conservative care options path and you stumbled upon PRP online. You may have even asked your orthopedist about “PRP” injections and you were told: “They do not work, they are not covered by insurance.”

That is probably enough to chase anyone away. Except for one thing. There is a lot of research that when administered correctly by a doctor experienced in the treatment, PRP works pretty well. So just like the debate about cortisone and the debate about Hyaluronic Acid Injections, there is a debate about PRP injections.

Growth and healing factors in PRP. This is what makes PRP work

PRP preparation for knee injection

A paper in the journal Clinical Cases in Mineral and Bone Metabolism (22) describes the growth, healing, and repair factors found in platelet-rich plasma. These are the healing factors and what they do:

So the concept is here. These healing growth factors in your blood are taken and “spun,” to separate out a platelet-rich plasma solution filled with these healing and growth factors, and then the solution is injected into your knee.

PRP is not a single-shot miracle cure. The effectiveness of PRP is in how many times the treatment is given.

PRP is not a single-shot miracle cure. While for the rare patient, a single shot may work for them, we have seen in our clinical experience, that PRP not to be as effective as a stand-alone, single-shot treatment. When someone contacts our center with a question about PRP, they understand the concept and that it should have helped them. But it did not. Why?

PRP does not work for every patient. The two main reasons are that some knees are indeed “too far gone.” What is typically too far gone? A knee that does not bend anymore or there are significant structural changes like bone spurs that have fused the knee.

The second reason is that they did not allow the treatment a chance to work. Many people think they are supposed to get immediate relief. That is not how PRP works.

Cortisone is a one-shot treatment, PRP should not be given the same way. This is when PRP does not work.

People get confused with PRP treatment because they think it is “just like cortisone, only safer.” PRP is NOT just like cortisone. Cortisone has an immediate pain-reducing effect for many people, but not all because it reduces pain brought on by chronic inflammation. Nothing is being healed. PRP brings healing through inflammation. When tissue is repaired, the inflammation goes away. Please read below for a direct comparison of cortisone injection and PRP and the PRP time frame of healing. You will see cortisone is short-term, and PRP is long-term. Cortisone will eventually suppress the body’s natural healing mechanism and send you to knee replacement. PRP will rebuild and repair tissue in the knee and help you avoid a knee replacement or arthroscopic surgery.

Researchers at Queens University in Belfast published a June 2021 paper in the journal BioMed Central Musculoskeletal Disorders (23) in which they compared PRP to cortisone. Here are the observations of care and the findings:

Results: “Intra-articular platelet-rich plasma (PRP) injections produce superior outcomes when compared with Intra-articular corticosteroid injections for symptomatic management of knee osteoarthritis, including improved pain management, less joint stiffness, and better participation in exercise/sporting activity at 12 months follow-up. Giving Intra-articular platelet-rich plasma (PRP) injections, with injections separated by a week, appears more effective than one Intra-articular platelet-rich plasma (PRP) injection.”

“PRP injection represents a valid conservative treatment to reduce pain, improve quality of life and functional scores even at midterm of 6 months follow-up.”

A May 2022 paper published in the Journal of clinical medicine (24) evaluated the Platelet Rich Plasma (PRP) injections for safety and effectiveness in patients affected by knee osteoarthritis. The researchers noted that PRP has shown promising results in achieving pain reduction and better function in these patients.

In this study, one hundred and fifty-three patients from 40-81 years old received three consecutive PRP injections. The patients were then followed up to determine if the treatment helped them. The patients were evaluated before PRP injection, at one month, three months, and six months after the treatment.

Results: A statistically significant functional ability and pain reduction were seen during the course of the study. While MRI demonstrated non-statistically significant improvement in cartilage thickness for both the tibial plate and femoral plate and no radiographic changes could be seen in any patients.

Conclusions: “PRP injection represents a valid conservative treatment to reduce pain, improve quality of life and functional scores even at midterm of 6 months follow-up.”

The Platelet-Rich Plasma group showed the lowest radiographic (knee osteoarthritis) progression at 52 weeks of follow-up.

An April 2022 study published in the journal Clinical Rehabilitation (25) compared a single platelet-rich plasma injection, a single triamcinolone hexacetonide, and a single saline solution injection in patients with knee osteoarthritis. After assessing various pain and function questionnaires among the patients, the researchers found: The Triamcinolone Hexacetonide injection was superior for a percentage of improvement in pain and stiffness. The Platelet-Rich Plasma group and Triamcinolone Hexacetonide group were superior to the Saline group in function. The Platelet-Rich Plasma group showed the lowest radiographic progression at 52 weeks of follow-up. ”

In this video, Ross Hauser, MD explains how one injection of PRP will likely not work

A transcript summary is below the video

We will often get emails from people who had previous PRP therapy without the desired healing effects. We explain to these people that their treatment probably did not work because the single PRP injection did not resolve knee instability. The PRP may have tried to create a patch in the meniscus or cartilage to help with a bone-on-bone situation but the instability and the wear and tear grinding down the meniscus and cartilage remain.

When a person has a ligament injury or instability, the knee becomes hypermobile causing degenerative wear and tear on the meniscus and knee cartilage. In other words, the cells of the meniscus and cartilage are being crushed to death. When you inject PRP cells into the knee, without addressing the knee instability, (treating the ligaments,) the injected PRP cells will also be subjected to the crushing hypermobile action of the knee. The single-injection PRP treatment will not work for many people. The knee instability needs to be addressed with comprehensive Prolotherapy around the joint. Prolotherapy is the companion injection of simple dextrose. This is explained in detail below.

Is PRP controversial? Yes. Is it effective? Also yes.

When it works. Below are many citations and references showing the effectiveness of PRP. 

A January 2023 paper in the journal Methods in molecular biology (26) summarizes these controversies: “The use of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has been supported by encouraging data from in vitro and preclinical in vivo studies, both in terms of safety and efficacy. This led to the wide use of PRP injections in the clinical practice, with promising results, especially as a minimally invasive treatment for cartilage degeneration and osteoarthritis. While many controversies remain on the best PRP formulation, the overall available clinical studies support the benefits of PRP, with functional improvement and reduction of pain-related symptoms up to 12 months, especially in young patients and early osteoarthritis stages.

PRP injections in the knee can alleviate pain symptoms three days after injection.

A January 2022 paper published in the Journal of Healthcare Engineering (27) evaluated the effect of PRP intraarticular injections in knee osteoarthritis patients suffering from Stage I, Stage II, and Stage III knee osteoarthritis. All 250 patients were treated. A total of 250 patients were treated every week with one injection for three weeks. At our center, this is typically not the way we offer treatment as outlined throughout this article. When assessing pain and disability scores the researchers found that pain and disability scores in the PRP group three days after the first injection, one month, and then three months after the first injection showed significant improvement. The researchers here concluded: that PRP is effective in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis. The pain symptoms can be alleviated at 3 days after injection.”

While an October 2020 study in The Journal of International Medical Research (28) still acknowledges that “the clinical efficacy of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in the treatment of osteoarthritis remains controversial,” their examination of five clinical trials including 320 patients found: “intra-articular injection of PRP is an effective treatment for osteoarthritis that can reduce post-operative pain, improve locomotor function, and increase patient satisfaction.”

This is a June 2020 study from the journal Clinical Rheumatology, (29) Here researchers suggested that “Intra-articular PRP injection provided better effects than other injections for osteoarthritis patients, especially in knee osteoarthritis patients, in terms of pain reduction and function improvement at short-term follow-up. (At 1, 2, 3, 6, 12 months).

In a study published in the American medical journal Arthroscopy, (30) medical university researchers suggested that PRP injections were more effective in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis, in terms of pain relief and self-reported function improvement at three, six, and twelve months follow-up, compared with other injection treatments. We are going to show the comparative research below.

“The efficacy of (PRP) intra-articular injections as a nonoperative modality for treating symptomatic knee osteoarthritis-related pain while maintaining function has become a subject of increasing interest.”

An August 2021 paper from the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center published in  The American Journal of Sports Medicine (31) compared the effectiveness of PRP against other knee injections in “younger patients and those without severe degenerative changes.” The reason? is that “the efficacy of intra-articular injections as a nonoperative modality for treating symptomatic knee osteoarthritis-related pain while maintaining function has become a subject of increasing interest.”

In this study the following treatments were compared:

A brief understanding of the differences between PRP and PRGF

Studies have shown favor for the use of plasma rich in growth factors (PRGF) in surgical healing. The difference in the injections is that in plasma rich in growth factors (PRGF) red and white blood cells are removed leaving only the growth factors. The benefit of this is that in wound healing, removing the red and white blood cells will help reduce inflammation. This is why this treatment is more favored in surgical repair. As regenerative medicine outside of surgery relies on controlled inflammation, PRP is seen as a better choice in many situations where there is knee pain.

Here are the highlights of this study:

Conclusion: “PRP yielded improved outcomes when compared with plasma rich in growth factors (PRGF), Hyaluronic acid, Corticosteroids, and placebo for the treatment of symptomatic knee osteoarthritis at a minimum six-month follow-up.”

When PRP doesn’t work, it is usually not the solution used during treatment, but how the treatment itself is given.

In the Journal of Knee Surgery, (32) doctors at the Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedics, at Rush University Medical Center in Chicago wrote:

Simply put, PRP methods vary by practitioner. Research consistently points to PRP ineffectiveness as being caused by the way the treatment is given and poor patient selection.

In a December 2018 paper titled: “Clinical Update: Why PRP Should Be Your First Choice for Injection Therapy in Treating Osteoarthritis of the Knee,” researchers wrote in the journal Current Reviews in Musculoskeletal Medicine:(33)

“Moving forward, it is imperative that future clinical research be conducted in a more standardized manner, ensuring that reproducible methodology is available and minimizing study-to-study variability. This includes PRP preparation methods (centrifugation times and speeds, harvest methodology, systems being used); PRP composition (platelet concentrations, activation agents, white blood cell concentrations, growth factor, and cytokine concentrations); PRP injection protocols (single versus multiple injections); sufficient clinical follow-up (a minimum of 6 months); and strict inclusion/exclusion criteria.”

In two groups of patients, one group gets PRP and the other group gets cortisone. How did this comparison work out?

In this study from The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, (34) a comparison is made between the effects of a one-time injection of PRP and corticosteroid (a cortisone shot) for patients suffering from osteoarthritis.

Compared to the group treated with corticosteroids, PRP showed significant results for:

This study demonstrated that one shot of PRP injection decreased joint pain more and longer-term, alleviated the symptoms, and enhanced the activity of daily living and quality of life in short-term duration in comparison with the corticosteroid.

Study 2: Two groups of patients, one group gets PRP the other group gets cortisone. How did this comparison work out?

In an October 2020 study (35) also comparing PRP and corticosteroids, similar findings were recorded. PRP results were better over time and the lack of side effects should be considered if debating between one treatment or the other.

Alpha-2-macroglobulin, corticosteroid, and PRP for knee osteoarthritis

A July 2020 paper from doctors at NYU Langone Health, NYU Hospital for Joint Diseases, published in the Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine (36) found “Alpha-2-macroglobulin (A2M) not significantly better than regular PRP for knee arthritis symptoms.”

Alpha-2-macroglobulin is a protein found in the blood that when separated out from the blood plasma and reinjected into the knee, would provide protective properties against cartilage breakdown by acting as an anti-inflammatory. In concept, Alpha-2-macroglobulin counteracts the pro-inflammatory proteins that cause inflammation and tissue breakdown. The researchers of this study noted: “Little clinical data exist on the use of injectable macromolecules (A2M) for the treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee. . . To date, no studies exist evaluating the effectiveness of A2M with other intra-articular injectables.”

The purpose of this study, therefore was to compare the clinical effectiveness of intra-articular injection of A2M against both platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and corticosteroids.

This study suggested Alpha 2 Macroglobulin showed similar effectiveness to corticosteroids in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis. “Both A2M and corticosteroids appear to show marginally better effectiveness than PRP injection, however, the differences are small and did not reach statistical significance in most outcome measures.”

Autologous protein solution (APS) injections

An April 2023 study in the journal Scientific reports (37) suggests that Autologous protein solution (APS) injections may help patients with milder forms of knee osteoarthritis. In a 12-month follow-up of patients receiving Autologous protein solution (APS) injections, 148 knees showed (67%) showed significant improvement. People with stage 2 or Kellgren-Lawrence (KL) grade 2 (mild) osteoarthritis showed the best improvement when compared with more advanced stage 4 knee osteoarthritis.

Earlier a September 2020 paper in The American Journal of Sports Medicine (38) from a team of European researchers suggested: “Intra-articular use of Autologous protein solution (APS) for mild to moderate knee osteoarthritis was safe, and significant pain improvement was documented three years after a single injection. Patients with better cartilage status seem to respond better than patients with more cartilage loss.” Again patients with milder osteoarthritis responded better than more severe osteoarthritis patients.

“Patients undergoing treatment for knee osteoarthritis with PRP can be expected to experience improved clinical outcomes when compared with hyaluronic acid.”

There is a lot of research comparing PRP to hyaluronic acid. Here are some of the papers:

An April 2020 study led by the Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, published in The American Journal of Sports Medicine (39) suggested: “Patients undergoing treatment for knee osteoarthritis with PRP can be expected to experience improved clinical outcomes when compared with hyaluronic acid.”

Doctors writing in the September 2019 issue of the World Journal of Orthopedics (40) offered these findings in assessing PRP versus hyaluronic acid injections over four, eight, and twelve-week follow-ups after treatments.

In February 2020, a multi-national team of researchers published findings in the European Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery & Traumatology (41) comparing intra-articular knee injection of PRP and hyaluronic acid and investigating clinical outcomes and pain at both 6 and 12 months.

Ten patients underwent intra-articular PRP injection and 10 others received the hyaluronic acid injection.

A September 2021 study published in The Archives of Bone and Joint Surgery (42) was designed to compare the effectiveness of intra-articular injection of PRP with hyaluronic acid on mild to moderate knee osteoarthritis.

How the study was conducted:

Results:

Published Conclusion: “Intra-articular injection of PRP or hyaluronic acid alleviates symptoms and pain and improves functionality and physical examinations in patients with knee osteoarthritis. However, PRP therapy produces greater and longer-lasting improvements in most of the outcome parameters compared to hyaluronic acid.”

Research comparing PRP injections, cortisone injections, and hyaluronic acid injections 

Research comparing PRP injections, cortisone injections, and hyaluronic acid injections 

Doctors wrote in a January 2019 study (43) that PRP injections, cortisone injections, and hyaluronic acid injections are considered equally effective at relieving patient symptoms at three months, at 6, 9, and 12 months the PRP injections delivered significantly better results.

A July 2020 study (44) published in the Journal of Pain Research also suggested that PRP injections provided better results for patients than hyaluronic acid injections. The study’s conclusions were: Besides significantly higher satisfaction belonging to the (PRP) group, there was a statistically significant improvement in pain and function scores at 12 months compared to hyaluronic acid injections

In research published in the Medical Science Monitor: International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research, PRP was shown to provide significant healing of the meniscus (45as well as outperform hyaluronic acid in patients with knee joint cartilage degeneration. Similar results were documented in the journal Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation. (46)

An August 2021 paper in the Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine (47) suggests however that corticosteroid and hyaluronic acid injections are favored for different knee problems, while PRP currently has insufficient evidence to make a conclusive recommendation for or against its use.

An August 2022 paper in the journal Medicine (48)  did a retro analysis of previously published research in which they explored the data of over seven thousand knee osteoarthritis patients. The data revealed the outcomes of five different treatments:

An October 2023 study in the journal Cureus (96) suggested “Based on the most up-to-date evidence, the dual approach of PRP and hyaluronic acid therapy yields outcomes similar to PRP therapy alone in the short term, up to 12 months.” They also suggested that “when considering longer-term results, particularly in the 24-month follow-up, dual therapy holds the potential to produce superior outcomes compared to PRP alone therapy.”

Platelet lysate

A June 2023 paper in the medical journal Growth Factors (97) compared platelet-rich plasma and platelet lysate injections for knee osteoarthritis. Platelet lysate is a form of platelet-rich plasma as it can be produced from platelet-rich plasma preparations. An October 2021 paper in the Journal of clinical orthopaedics and trauma (98) describes Platelet lysate this way: “Platelet lysate is a solution saturated by growth factors, proteins, cytokines, and chemokines involved in crucial healing processes and is administered to treat different diseases such as alopecia, oral mucositis, radicular pain, osteoarthritis, and cartilage and tendon disorders.” In the 2023 paper researchers examined outcomes in fifty women with knee osteoarthritis. All patients, either treated with platelet-rich plasma or platelet lysate injections showed significant improvements in pain and function following treatment. The researchers concluded: platelet lysate could be a promising alternative option for knee osteoarthritis therapy in the future.

In our article Platelet Rich Plasma for Knee Osteoarthritis: When it works, when it does not, we point to more research on when the treatment can be successful and when the treatment may not help you.

Stem Cell Therapy

This is one of the treatments that is considered very promising and equally very controversial. This is also a treatment that may suffer from an over-expectation of what this treatment can do and a misunderstanding of what this treatment cannot do.

If you have a bone-on-bone knee, stem cell therapy will not grow a new meniscus out of thin air.

As we say to many patients, if you have a bone-on-bone knee, stem cell therapy will not grow a new meniscus out of thin air. Stem cell therapy can grow new cartilage as a method to patch cartilage and meniscus defects but is not a “miracle” one-shot cure that will rebuild your knee to “good as new.” Some people may get benefit from the one-time shot, others will not. As we will point out in this article and links to our other articles, there is too much being made of young versus old stem cells. We may be getting ahead of ourselves here so let’s start with a basic understanding.

There are different types of stem cell therapy. You have:

At our center, we use stem cell therapy, but not all of these are listed above. We also use stem cell therapy on a few patients, but not every patient.

We estimate that 1 in 10 patients who we see in our clinic have already received some type of stem cell therapy in another office. They are in our clinic because the treatment they have received has failed to meet the patient’s expectations. Simply, One injection stem cell “treatments” are not sustainable pain relief.

People with knee osteoarthritis pain, probably like yourself, go to the orthopedist and hear over and over about their eventual need for a knee replacement. You may have been given a much more critical, “we should schedule this knee replacement now,” recommendation because it took you a long time to walk from the reception area to the examination room, and all along the way you may have been reaching and lunging for chairs, walls, and counters to use as support and your doctor saw you do it.

You would like to avoid the knee replacement for various reasons, all equally important to you. In your research, you have come upon stem cell therapy. You read through some websites that suggest this simple, possibly one-time injection, will make all your pain go away. This is unrealistic thinking as this is almost never the case. The reason it is almost never the case is that stem cell therapy, even when most effective, requires a comprehensive approach to treatment that includes multiple treatments or the use of Prolotherapy injections into the knee’s supportive ligaments.

In the video below, Ross Hauser, MD explains the 5 myths we see concerning Stem Cell Therapy. The biggest one is that people believe that one stem cell injection will make all their pains go away. For most this is not true. It is not true for the same reasons outlined above, a single injection will not be comprehensive enough to reverse years and possibly decades’ worth of damage affecting the entire knee structure. This one-shot thinking leads to an unrealistic expectation of pain relief and joint regeneration.

Comparative research

A May 2022 in The Journal of Arthroplasty (49) compared research outcome findings for platelet-rich plasma (PRP); bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells; adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells and amniotic-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Eighty-two previously reported studies were included: There were 51 studies on PRP; 15 studies on bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells, 11 studies on adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells, and five studies on amniotic-derived mesenchymal stem cells.

Results: What the researchers found was of the previously published PRP studies most outcomes found patient satisfaction as “fair” to “good.” The problem was inconsistency due to variable cell preparations and formulations. A limited number of studies were included for bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells, adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells, and amniotic-derived mesenchymal stem cells, all with similar findings to PRP and the same inconsistencies and uncertain efficacy for use in knee osteoarthritis.

Bone Marrow Aspirate Concentrate or bone marrow concentrate type stem cell therapy

Using stem cells taken from a patient’s bone marrow is becoming a therapy of interest due to the potential of these mesenchymal stem cells to differentiate into other types of cells such as bone and cartilage. This is not a new revolutionary treatment, this treatment has been studied and applied for many years. It is a difficult treatment for some doctors to give. You do need experience in all aspects of the treatment to give the patient the best chance at achieving their healing goals.

Bone Marrow is the liquid spongy-type tissue found in the hollow (interior) of bones. It is primarily a fatty tissue that houses stem cells that are responsible for the formation of other cells. These mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), also called marrow stromal cells, can differentiate (change) into a variety of cell types including osteoblasts (bone cells)chondrocytes (cartilage cells), myocytes (muscle cells), adipocytes (fat), fibroblasts (ligament and tendon) and others when reintroduced into the body by injection. Bone marrow also contains hematopoietic stem cells that give rise to white and red blood cells and platelets.

Where do the bone marrow stem cells come from?

The bone marrow aspirate is taken from the iliac crest of the pelvic bone. It is a simple, easily tolerated procedure and is demonstrated in this video below:

In clinical observations at Caring Medical, the benefit is seen in injecting bone marrow directly after extracting it.

The theory is that the number of stem cells is not as important as how long they live in their natural environment. In other words, when the bone marrow is directly injected, the source of stem cells is fresh and has great potential for healing. We also believe that the body knows best – it can use these immature cells to regenerate all injured tissues in the joint.

In December 2020 Doctors at Loughborough University in the United Kingdom wrote in the journal Knee Surgery, sports traumatology, arthroscopy (50) “ . . . clinical applications of intra-articular injections of bone marrow-MSCs are steadily increasing (for patients suffering from knee osteoarthritis), with most studies demonstrating a decrease in poor cartilage index, improvements in pain, function, and Quality of Life (QoL); with moderate-to-high level evidence regarding safety for therapeutic administration. However, low confidence in clinical efficacy remains due to a plethora of heterogeneous methodologies utilized, resulting in challenging study comparisons. . . Overall, the benefits of intra-articular injections of BM-MSCs were deemed to outweigh the adverse effects; thus, this treatment be considered as a future therapy strategy.”

Mayo Clinic and Yale University studies on your own bone marrow stem cells

Doctors at the Mayo Clinic and Yale University published their research on the benefits of Bone Marrow Aspirate Concentrate for Knee Osteoarthritis in the American Journal of Sports Medicine. Here is the summary of that research:(51)

“The current literature demonstrates the potential benefits of utilizing concentrated bone marrow aspirate for the repair of cartilaginous lesions, bony defects, and tendon injuries”

Doctors in New Jersey at the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Jersey City Medical Center published their findings in support of this research, in the World Journal of Orthopedics, here is what the paper said:

A June 2018 study in the journal Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Disorders (53) presents the short-term progress of 15 patients (20 knees) with knee osteoarthritis through four bone marrow concentrate treatments.

Patients experienced statistically significant improvements in active pain and functionality scores after the first treatment.

Successful, safe, and encouraging results of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells

A January 2020 (54) study published in the journal Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy found:

“Pre-clinical studies have demonstrated (intra-articular injections of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells are) successful, safe, and (with) encouraging results for articular cartilage repair and regeneration. This is concluded to be due to the multilineage differential potential, immunosuppressive and self-renewal capabilities of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells, which have shown to augment pain and improve functional outcomes.”

Caring Medical Research – Case studies

Our research team has published research on patient outcomes and case studies using bone marrow aspirate. Here is a sample of those outcomes. Again, we must remind you that this treatment does not work for everyone. Unfortunately, if you are reading this article you are probably very attuned to medical treatments that do not work.

In the medical journal Clinical Medicine Insights Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Disorders, (55) our Caring Medical research team published our findings on seven patients. The patients who were treated for knee pain are featured below:

Patient case  – Knee pain: A 69-year-old man

A 69-year-old male came into our office with pain in both knees, with his right knee significantly more painful. Pain resulted in frequent sleep interruption and limitation of exercise.

The patient had received Prolotherapy (another injection treatment explained below) at another office in the previous two years but felt that the treatment has reached its maximum ability to heal.

The patient was diagnosed with osteoarthritis and received five bone marrow/dextrose treatments (a combination of bone marrow and Prolotherapy injections) in each knee at two-month intervals.

Patient case  – Knee pain – A 56-year-old woman

A 56-year-old female came into our office with pain in both knees and her right hip. She reported the knee pain started 3 years prior. The pain was severe in the right knee, with frequent crepitus and instability, and had forced the patient to discontinue running. MRI with a previous physician had shown cartilage degeneration. Right hip pain had been intermittent for 16 years, but instability and continuous pain began six months before her first office visit.

The patient received bone marrow/dextrose treatments for six visits at 8–10 week intervals.

Patient case  – Knee pain – A 56-year-old man

A 56-year-old male came into our office with pain in both knees. The patient is a former competitive weightlifter who continues to do strength training exercises. He complained of instability in both knees during exercise, as well as sleep interruption.

The patient received 29 bilateral dextrose Prolotherapy treatments over five years.

At the final Prolotherapy visit, sleep interruption was still present, pain intensity was 4/10, and pain frequency was 100%.

Four months later, the patient was treated with platelet-rich plasma. Three months after plasma treatment, the patient began a series of three bone marrow stem cell injection treatments (without dextrose Prolotherapy) at 2–3 month intervals.

At the time of the second bone marrow stem cell injection treatment, stability was improved. At the time of the third treatment, pain intensity was 2/10, and pain frequency was 30%. Sleep was no longer affected. These gains were maintained for nine months.

Patient case  – Knee pain – A 69-year-old woman

A 69-year-old female came into our office with pain in both knees. She had been previously diagnosed with osteoarthritis, had arthroscopic surgery to both knees eight years earlier, and had medial meniscus repair in both knees 15 years earlier.

The patient reported pain occurred climbing or descending stairs and standing or walking for two hours. Pain interrupted sleep and limited participation in racquet sports and golf.

The patient received six treatments on both knees with dextrose Prolotherapy over a ten-month period.

One year, after the final Prolotherapy, pain intensity had returned to 4/10 with a frequency of 20%, and sleep interruption, had resumed. At this time, the patient received the first of two bone marrow stem cell injection/dextrose treatments, five months apart.

Lipoaspiration, Adipose-derived stem cells, Microfragmented Fat, or Lipogems type stem cell therapy

Lipoaspirate or Adipose-derived stem cell therapy is a regenerative injection treatment that stimulates the repair of osteoarthritic cartilage and bone through the use of liposuction aspirates (fat stem cells).

Liopgems are better understood as an FDA-approved device that may make it easier for your doctor to inject adipose stem cells.

There is a lot of controversy surrounding the use of adipose-derived stem cells. This is a treatment that we rarely employ we will use it in selected cases where we would have a good expectation that this is the best option for the patient. The reason we don’t go first to this treatment is that we believe we can achieve similar results with much less invasive treatments.

While bone marrow has historically been used as a source of stem cells, adipose (fat)-derived stem cells have been shown to have:

Researchers have suggested the benefits of Adipose stem cells, here are the take-home points of that research published in the journal Stem Cell Reviews (56):

Direct injection of fat stem cells 

In reviewing the cumulative research of both animal and human studies, doctors at the Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute in Italy, published in the journal Stem Cell International, (57) found the injection of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells was first, safe and effective, and that secondly, several aspects favor the use of freshly harvested adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell instead of expanded or cultured adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell.

Let’s explore this research a little further. The researchers looked at 11 clinical studies. In these studies, the application of fat stem cells into the knee was performed in many different ways including during arthroscopic knee procedures. This is what they found:

All clinical studies showed that adipose-derived stem cells improve pain and functional scores at a follow-up of between 3 and 36 months.

In three studies MRI analysis was performed, which revealed improved features, including increased cartilage thickness.

A June 2022 study led by Charles Sturt University in Australia and published in the journal Regenerative Medicine (58) offered a large two-year prospective study on the long-term safety and effectiveness of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell therapy in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis.

In this study, 329 patients with knee osteoarthritis underwent intra-articular adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell therapy. The patients were then followed up for 24 months and were separated based on the severity of their knee osteoarthritis.

The published results of this study were:

Five year follow-up on adipose-derived (AD) MSCs reported in the medical literature

In May 2022, doctors in South Korea writing in the journal Stem Cells Translational Medicine (59) wrote: “Although successful short-term results of the intra-articular injection of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for the conservative treatment of knee osteoarthritis have been reported, the mid-term results of the injection of adipose-derived (AD) MSCs remains unknown.” To add to the research on mid-term results, or in this case five year out study, the researchers assessed eleven patients with knee osteoarthritis who received a single intra-articular injection of autologous high-dose adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells. The researchers found: “A single intra-articular injection of autologous, high-dose ADMSCs provided safe and clinical improvement without radiologic aggravation for five years. Furthermore, structural changes in the osteoarthritic knee showed significant improvement up to three years, suggesting a possible option for disease-modifying outpatient treatment for patients with knee osteoarthritis.”

Comparing adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs), PRP, and arthroscopic surgery

An October 2022 paper in the Journal of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (60) offered a comparison of four treatments: The 1st: adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs). The 2nd platelet-rich plasma (PRP). The third adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) + PRP, and the 4th: Arthroscopy. The researchers found that taking all the results into account, therapies with adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) and adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) by themselves are safe and effective over 6 months for the improvement of pain, functional capacity and joint inflammation in volunteers with osteoarthritis. It is also considered that the use of adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) + PRP, particularly, is a promising alternative to help manage this disease, due to the better results presented among the four proposed interventions.

In this video, Ross Hauser, MD demonstrates the procedure. The video jumps directly to the treatment at 1:13

Research comparing PRP, Bone Marrow, and Adipose-Derived Stem Cells. Results: They all worked well.

A July 2020 study published in the journal Clinical Medicine Insights Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Disorders, (61) compared Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP), bone marrow aspirate concentrate, and adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) injections in the treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee using functional scores.

Results: They all worked well.

This is also a validation of our policy of not going straight to stem cell therapy in some of our patients. PRP or Prolotherapy, which is discussed below can provide equally good results without the added expense.

One injection of bone marrow aspirate concentrate stem cells versus one injection of PRP

A December 2022 study (62) published in the journal BioMed Central Musculoskeletal Disorders compared a one-shot single treatment bone marrow-derived stem cell injection vs. a one-shot single treatment PRP injection. Then the patients were monitored for 12 months to assess the effectiveness of the one-shot treatment for their knee pain and function. The researchers wrote: “Investigational cell therapies injected intra-articularly, such as bone marrow aspirate concentrate (BMAC) and platelet-rich plasma (PRP), have shown safety and therapeutic potency providing patients with pain relief. In the current retrospective comparative study, (the researchers) investigated the differences in pain and functional improvements in patients with symptomatic knee osteoarthritis receiving intra-articular injections of bone marrow aspirate concentrate BMAC vs PRP.

Pain and functionality scores were measured at baseline and at different time points post-injection over 12 months, using 3 self-administered, clinically validated questionnaires to assess pain intensity, functionality, and knee-related quality of life.

The bone marrow aspirate concentrate BMAC group showed significant improvement in pain intensity, functionality, and knee-related quality of life scores between baseline and 12 months. In contrast, the PRP group did not see significant improvement in all scores. The bone marrow aspirate concentrate BMAC, in comparison to PRP, had significant improvement in outcomes. . . Intra-articular autologous bone marrow aspirate concentrates BMAC injections are safe, effective in treating pain, and ameliorate functionality in patients with symptomatic knee osteoarthritis to a greater extent than PRP injections. Intra-articular autologous BMAC therapy is safe and provides more relief to patients with symptomatic knee osteoarthritis compared to PRP therapy.

Platelet-rich plasma or bone-marrow aspirate concentrate injections have better outcomes than patients who receive hyaluronic acid

A March 2023 review paper in the journal Arthroscopy (63) examined previously published literature to compare the efficacy and safety of platelet-rich plasma (PRP), bone marrow aspirate concentrate, and hyaluronic acid injections for the treatment of knee osteoarthritis. In this review of:

Results showed:

Seven different knee osteoarthritis treatments

A team of researchers from France and Belgium published a November 2021 study (64) in the medical journal Medicine. In it, the researchers evaluated recent clinical trials on seven different non-surgical knee osteoarthritis treatments. What they were looking for is which of these treatments appeared to work the best.

The seven treatments were:

What the researchers found was varying and different effects of these treatments in the research study on participants suffering from knee osteoarthritis.

Comparing different injections plus physical therapy

A March 2023 network meta-analysis study (a study that compares more than three types of treatments) in the International Journal of Molecular Sciences (65)  looked to compare:

Among the ten identified injection and physical therapy regimens:

Amniotic, Cord Blood, and Placenta Tissue knee injections

There is a great amount of misinformation surrounding “amniotic stem cell therapy,” and “umbilical cord blood stem cell therapy.” We have never offered these treatments.

The primary reason we do not offer these products is that we did not find them to be more effective or economically viable to the patient than the utilization of the patient’s own stem cells (which we rarely offer) and because we find simple dextrose Prolotherapy and Platelet Rich Plasma (PRP) to be effective treatments which, in our observations, yield similar if not better results.

Amniotic “stem cells” marketed in many chiropractic offices are, in reality, micronized amniotic fluid. The micronization process takes amniotic fluid, freeze-dries it, and then processes it. The process kills the stem cells. NO live stem cells are present. However, growth factor remnants remain.

Many people attend webinars and seminars on the benefits of amniotic/placenta, and umbilical cord stem cell therapy. These seminars are often conducted by a chiropractor whose presentation includes a segment on how the attendees of the seminar have joint pain because their own stem cells are too few, too weak, too feeble, and too old to repair the damage.

The great irony of this argument is if you have been told that your own stem cells are too few, too weak, too feeble, and too old, how does the amniotic tissue then work if it has no new stem cells in it?

For amniotic tissue treatment to work, it must work at the expense of debunking its own marketing claim that your stem cells are too few, too weak, too feeble, and too old to work.

Initial comparison:

Amniotic-derived tissue product vs cortisone

In July 2022, Emory University researchers wrote in the journal Regenerative Medicine (66), of their study to discuss preliminary data from a clinical trial comparing a single injection of an amniotic-derived tissue product (dehydrated cell and protein concentrate) to corticosteroid for the treatment of knee osteoarthritis. Fifty-one patients were enrolled at the time of analysis (27 amniotic-derived tissue products, 24 corticosteroids). Both groups demonstrated improvement in pain and function 6 months after treatment. There was a larger improvement in the amniotic-derived tissue product group, but this did not reach a level of statistical significance. There were limited data beyond 6 months, but this trended toward a continued improvement in the amniotic-derived tissue product group.

Acupuncture

The most recent research on the use of acupuncture for knee osteoarthritis is mixed. People have reported good results with it.

A January 2022 paper published in the Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies (67)  did not find acupuncture worked better than other treatments in groups of patients with knee osteoarthritis. The researchers wrote: “In short-term, there was low to very low evidence and there were statistically significant differences in pain intensity and knee function in favor of acupuncture versus control interventions in patients with knee osteoarthritis. However, these differences were not clinically important. (The findings did not warrant a recommendation to use acupuncture). For the acupuncture versus sham (acupuncture), in the short-term, no differences clinical neither statistically significant to favor of acupuncture in pain intensity and knee function.” The acupuncture did not work any better than the fake acupuncture.

Another study recommended its use.

In this April 2022 study published in the journal BioMed research international (68) “Acupuncture has a beneficial effect on pain relief and improves function activities, and this treatment can be recommended as a beneficial alternative therapy in patients with knee osteoarthritis, particularly for chronic patients and those currently undergoing long-term pain and help them increasing quality of life.” With this recommendation comes the suggestion that more research is needed but (other) available studies suggested that “acupuncture was superior to sham acupuncture in reduce pain and function.”

A June 2023 paper published in the Journal of evidence-based medicine (94) comes to us from Chinese, Canadian, and American researchers. In this paper the question is asked: Is acupuncture effective in treating knee osteoarthritis? What is noteworthy in this research is that although acupuncture is increasingly used in the clinical setting, there seem to be no recommendations or weak recommendations for its use in the accepted medical guidelines of knee osteoarthritis treatments. However, the researchers write, it is better than nothing: “Compared with no treatment, acupuncture is suggested to reduce pain, stiffness, and dysfunction in knee osteoarthritis patients, ultimately improving the patient’s health status. Acupuncture can be used as an alternative therapy when usual care is ineffective or there are adverse reactions so that patients can no longer continue the treatment. Manual acupuncture or electroacupuncture is suggested for 4-8 weeks to improve the health status of knee osteoarthritis.” Further, in severe cases of knee osteoarthritis, acupuncture, and NSAIDS in combination seem to work better than acupuncture alone.

How do Prolotherapy injections work for knee pain?

In this section, we will discuss Prolotherapy knee osteoarthritis injections. Prolotherapy is a remarkable treatment in its simplicity. The treatment can help many patients avoid joint replacement. But it is not a miracle cure. The research and evidence for how Prolotherapy may help you are presented here and intermingled with our own 30+ years of empirical observation of patient benefit.

A June 2022 paper in the journal Clinical Rehabilitation (69) describes the controversies and benefits of Prolotherapy injections. In examining previously published data, the researchers found: “Compared with placebo injection and noninvasive control therapy, dextrose Prolotherapy had favorable effects on pain, global function, and quality of life during the overall follow-up.” The researchers then concluded: “Dextrose Prolotherapy may have dose-dependent (the number of treatments) and time-dependent effects on pain reduction and function recovery, respectively, in patients with knee osteoarthritis. Due to remarkable heterogeneity and the risk of biases across the included trials, the study results should be cautiously interpreted.”

In 2016, our Caring Medical research team published our study, “A Systematic Review of Dextrose Prolotherapy for Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain” in the journal Clinical Medicine Insights Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Disorders. (70) In this review, we examined the research on the use of dextrose Prolotherapy for the treatment of tendinopathies, knee and finger joint osteoarthritis, and spinal/pelvic pain due to ligament dysfunction. In our section on knee pain, we referred to a study by Dr. Fariba Eslamian and Dr. Bahman Amouzandeh of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences. This is what they published in the journal Therapeutic Advances in Musculoskeletal Disease. (71)

“Prolotherapy has been reported as a useful method in the treatment of chronic musculoskeletal and joint diseases. It is proposed that Prolotherapy causes mild inflammation and cell stress in the weakened ligament or tendon area, releases cytokines and growth factors, and induces a new healing cascade in that area, which leads to the activation of fibroblasts, generation of collagen precursors, and strengthening of the connective tissue.”

Simply put, that is how Prolotherapy works. It rebuilds damaged soft tissue.

Recent research:

We have extensive research in our explained article: Prolotherapy knee osteoarthritis research: An option to knee surgery. This article presents the summarized learning points.

In November 2023, researchers from the Mayo Clinic Jacksonville Campus, Duke University, Eastern Virginia Medical School and Prisma Health University of South Carolina combined to issue their findings on the effectiveness of Prolotherapy for knee osteoarthritis. The findings were published in the medical journal Cureus (99). In this case series included 15 total patients consisting of male and female patients aged 50-85 years old with a prior diagnosis of knee osteoarthritis and moderate pain. The patients completed baseline (pain, function and disability surveys) and received an ultrasound-guided intra-articular prolotherapy injection.” In summary, the researchers write of the outcomes of treatment: “The results support a statistically significant improvement in patients’ self-reported functioning and pain scores between the baseline and one-month, two-month, and three-month periods.  . . .This study supports prolotherapy as an effective treatment option to improve pain and function in knee osteoarthritis.”

An April 2022 paper in the journal Aging Clinical and Experimental Research (72) assessed Prolotherapy injections for the treatment of knee osteoarthritis. Primary clinical outcomes were changes in knee pain and function scores. Secondary outcomes were adverse events related to Prolotherapy injections. At an average of about 23 weeks follow-up, Prolotherapy injection treatment significantly improved total pain and function scores compared with the control group. There were no severe adverse events related to dextrose injection reported in all the included studies. The researchers concluded: that Prolotherapy injections are a promising treatment for knee osteoarthritis with a reasonable safety profile.

A May 2020 study in the Annals of Family Medicine (73) made this simple statement at the conclusion of the research findings:

“Intra-articular dextrose prolotherapy injections reduced pain, improved function, and quality of life in patients with knee osteoarthritis compared with blinded saline injections. The procedure is straightforward and safe; the adherence and satisfaction were high.”

In this study, the research team assessed their findings in 76 patients with knee osteoarthritis:

Three treatments in a 12-week period and positive outcomes at 1 year. Prolotherapy reduced pain and improves function and quality of life. Further, the researchers noted: “Our findings are also consistent with other studies that have tested an intra-articular dextrose Prolotherapy protocol for knee osteoarthritis.” Let’s look at these other studies.

Another study from May 2020 published in The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine (74) made these observations:

In January 2019, David Rabago, MD, of the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, published research on Dextrose Prolotherapy for Symptomatic Knee Osteoarthritis in the Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine. (75)

Here are the learning points of that research:

The study concluded, “(suggested) that Prolotherapy in this primary care clinic is feasible and acceptable.” In other words, it is beneficial to patients.

In this image of a patient being prepped for an receiving Prolotherapy injections into their knee, the dots on the skin represent those areas of the knee that should receive an injection. In this particular patient, there are 50 dots on their knee. Each dot would represent where each injection would be given. This is one comprehensive Prolotherapy treatment to the knee. 

In this image of a patient being prepped for and receiving Prolotherapy injections into their knee, the dots on the skin represent those areas of the knee that should receive an injection. In this particular patient, there are 50 dots on their knee. Each dot would represent where each injection would be given. This is one comprehensive Prolotherapy treatment for the knee. This is the type of treatment recommended for knee osteoarthritis.

Research: Prolotherapy treatments for patients with knee osteoarthritis showed significant improvement in scores for pain, function, and range of motion

In February 2020, Lisa May Billesberger, MD  a private practice physician in Canada teamed with Duke Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine to offer a current assessment of injectable treatments for knee osteoarthritis. (76) Here are the summary points on Prolotherapy.

Comparison research: hyaluronic acid and Prolotherapy injections

In November 2021 doctors publishing in the American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation (77) evaluated the effectiveness of Prolotherapy for pain reduction and improvement of function in individuals with knee osteoarthritis in comparison with hyaluronic acid by meta-analysis (a review of previously published research). Six studies were included (395 participants).

Findings:

In favor of Prolotherapy

Combining an injection of hyaluronic acid and dextrose (Prolotherapy).

An April 2022 paper in the Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (78) wrote: “Compared with hyaluronic acid plus normal saline co-injections, hyaluronic acid plus dextrose co-injections resulted in more significant improvements in stair-climbing time and physical function at six months, effectively decreased pain, and improved physical function and physical functional performance from 1 week to six months. Hyaluronic acid plus dextrose co-injections could be a suitable adjuvant therapy for patients with knee osteoarthritis.”

Caring Medical Research – Prolotherapy for Knee Pain

In published research in the Journal of Prolotherapy, (79) Ross Hauser MD investigated the outcomes of patients receiving Prolotherapy treatment for unresolved, difficult-to-treat knee pain at a charity clinic in Illinois.

Prolotherapy for knee osteoarthritis

In this video, Danielle R. Steilen-Matias, MMS, PA-C, of Caring Medical demonstrates how we treat a patient with a primary complaint of knee osteoarthritis.

Comparison research

A March 2023 study in the journal Medicine (80) offered a comparative study of the effectiveness of intra-articular injections of different drugs in the treatment of mild to moderate knee osteoarthritis. In this study, researchers assessed the data of 16 randomized controlled trials with a total of 1652 patients. The results of this data analysis concluded that in patients with mild to moderate knee osteoarthritis, intra injection PRP outperformed intra-articular ozone, hyaluronic acid, corticosteroid, platelet-rich plasma-derived growth factor, and hyaluronic acid plus platelet-rich plasma in terms of pain, stiffness, and dysfunction.

In September 2022, doctors in Turkey published their findings (81) on the effectiveness of  PRP and Prolotherapy for knee osteoarthritis.

In this study:

We are going to cite some research that compares Prolotherapy to other treatments. We will start with this study. Then further below we will cite other studies.

In an August 2019 study, researchers published data comparing Prolotherapy to other injection techniques. The data was published in the journal Advances in Rheumatology. (82)

This study examined previous research and compared the effect of intra-articular (inside the joint) and/or extra-articular (outside and around the joint) injections of hyper dextrose Prolotherapy vs :

This is what the researchers noted:

“In terms of pain reduction and function improvement, Prolotherapy with hypertonic dextrose was more effective than infiltrations with local anesthetics, as effective as infiltrations with hyaluronic acid, ozone, or radiofrequency, and less effective than PRP and erythropoietin, with a beneficial effect in the short, medium and long term. In addition, no side effects or serious adverse reactions were reported in patients treated with hypertonic dextrose.”

To finish our comparisons first an explanation of Botox injections, then Ozone injections.

Botox for knee pain

Botox® is better known as a muscle paralyzer or relaxer and can help with muscle pain or spasms, in knee pain, it also works primarily as a “nerve blocker.” Therefore Botox® does not offer a repair of a damaged knee rather it is a suppressor of symptoms.

Some people do find pain relief. While there is not, however, a lot of research to support the use of Botox® for knee pain, some studies suggest benefits and other comparative studies pitting Botox® against other treatments seem so-so.

In July 2019 researchers published data to suggest the benefits of Botox® in the journal Toxicon. (83) This journal studies the use of toxins in medicine.

Here are the learning points:

What the researchers wanted to measure was:

A January 2023 paper in the journal Toxicon (84) examined the data from seven previously published studies comprising 548 patients on the effectiveness of Botulinum Toxin type A (BTA) for knee osteoarthritis symptoms. Compared with the control (saline) groups of the studies, Botulinum Toxin type A (BTA) injection exhibited greater pain reduction at four weeks posttreatment but not 8-24 weeks posttreatment. Additionally, no differences were found between Botulinum Toxin type A (BTA) injection versus control intervention on functional improvement at all time points assessed (at 4, 8, 12, and 24 weeks.) There was no significant difference in adverse event rate between the Botulinum Toxin type A (BTA) injection and the control group. This meta-analysis did suggest that intra-articular Botulinum Toxin type A (BTA) injection could be an effective and safe strategy for the analgesic treatment of knee osteoarthritis in the short term.

Comparing Botox® to other knee injection treatments

A June 2019 study in the journal Clinical Rehabilitation (85) compared the effectiveness of intra-articular injection of Botulinum toxin type A (Botox), triamcinolone hexacetonide (cortisone), and saline in primary knee osteoarthritis. The study found that cortisone injections had higher effectiveness than Botox or saline (placebo) in the short-term assessment (four weeks) for pain in movement.

Study: A comparison between Prolotherapy, Botox, Physical Therapy, and Hyaluronic Acid Injections

Here we have a September 2020 study published in the International Journal of Rehabilitation Research. (86) In it, researchers compared the effectiveness of four treatments in the management of knee osteoarthritis.

Findings:

Comparison of Ozone Therapy, Cortisone, Hyaluronic Acid Injections, and Dextrose Prolotherapy injections

There is a significant amount of research surrounding the use of ozone (o3) in treating various diseases. In this section, we will limit this research to comparative research.

An October 2018 study in the Journal of Pain Research (87) compared ozone treatments with Hyaluronic Acid Injections or Dextrose Prolotherapy injections as the control group.

Please note that this is not a comparison of Prolozone® to the other treatments, this is a comparison of ozone alone.

The researchers wrote that “the existing body of evidence had well demonstrated that ozone injection was evidently effective for short-term management (1–3 months) of mild-to-moderate knee osteoarthritis patients (grade I–III KLS). But the main challenge was on longer periods of time in which different studies had declared heterogeneous (or mixed) results.”

The researchers gathered dates from a series of randomized control trials and made these observations:

A 2015 study in the journal Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (88) showed that:

Prolozone® is a Prolotherapy technique developed by Frank Shallenberger, MD, that utilizes ozone gas, along with other therapeutic substances to stimulate healing and reduce pain in injured soft tissues and joints. Dr. Shallenberger describes Proloze in a 2011 article in the Journal of Prolotherapy as: “a technique that marries concepts from neural therapy, Prolotherapy, and ozone therapy. It involves injecting various combinations of procaine, anti-inflammatory medications/homeopathics, vitamins, minerals, proliferative, and a mixture of ozone/oxygen gas into degenerated or injured joints, and into areas of pain. The result of this combination is nothing short of remarkable in that damaged tissues can be regenerated, and otherwise, untreatable pain can be permanently cured.”(89)

The ozone gas is produced when oxygen is exposed to an electric spark via a corona discharge ozone generator. The concentration of ozone in the final gas mixture is between 1­3%. Therapeutic injections of ozone into soft tissue structures, such as muscles, tendons, and ligaments as well as arthritic joints for the relief of pain have been utilized for decades in medical clinics around the world.

Various case series have been published documenting the analgesic effect of ozone in osteoarthritis. Double ­blind randomized ­controlled studies have also documented the therapeutic effects of Prolozone® in the treatment of low back pain with and without sciatica. As a powerful oxidizing agent, ozone has been found to have a pro-­inflammatory as well as an anti-­inflammatory effect, depending on the concentration utilized. Its proposed mechanisms for tissue repair and regeneration include the stimulating of growth factor production and release.

Another comparison of Ozone, PRP, and Hyaluronic Acid

A February 2021 study (90) compared the short and long-term efficacy of the intraarticular injections of hyaluronic acid, Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP), plasma rich in growth factors (PRGF), and ozone in patients with knee osteoarthritis.

Results: In 2 months of follow-up, significant improvements in pain, stiffness, and function were seen in all groups compared to the baseline, but the ozone group had the best results. In a 6-month follow up hyaluronic acid, PRP, and PRGF groups demonstrated better therapeutic effects in all scores in comparison with ozone. At the end of the 12th month, only PRGF and PRP groups had better results versus hyaluronic acid and ozone groups in all scores. Despite the fact that ozone showed better early results, its effects begin to wear off earlier than other products and ultimately disappear in 12 months.

Conclusions: Ozone injection had rapid effects and better short-term results after 2 months, but its therapeutic effects did not persist after 6 months and at the 6-month follow-up, PRP, PRGF, and hyaluronic acid were superior to ozone.

Dry Needling

A January 2023 paper in the journal BioMed Central musculoskeletal disorders (91) examined the outcome benefits of dry needling on latent and active myofascial trigger points versus oral diclofenac (NSAIDs) in patients with knee osteoarthritis. The researchers write: “Latent and active myofascial trigger points in knee-associated muscles may play a key role in pain management among patients with knee osteoarthritis.” Therefore, according to the researchers, “The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of dry needling treatment on pain intensity, disability, and range of motion (ROM) in patients with knee osteoarthritis.”

This study was conducted over a six-week treatment program and a six-month follow-up.

Results: A total of 42 patients in the dry-needling group and 35 patients in the diclofenac group completed the study, there was no significant difference in the general data between the two groups.

After treatments, both groups showed a good effect on knee pain, function, and range of motion (ROM), However, the dry needling group showed a significantly better result than the diclofenac group. Especially in the results of the 6-month follow-up, the dry needling group showed much better results than the diclofenac group.

Summary

Why nothing is helping your knee pain. Research: NSAIDs, painkillers, and corticosteroid injections offer little help in the long-term

A March 2022 paper in the Journal of orthopaedic translation (92) discusses the urgent need for new treatments for knee pain: “Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), analgesics, intra-articular corticosteroid injections are of little value in the long term, and opioids may have ominous consequences. Radiotherapy of knee osteoarthritis has no added value. Physical therapy, exercises, weight loss, and lifestyle modifications may give pain relief, improve physical functioning and quality of life. However, none of them has articular cartilage regenerating potential. In the research above we demonstrated that certain injections may offer the articular cartilage regenerating potential looked for by researchers.

We hope you found this article informative and that it helped answer many of the questions you may have surrounding these various injection treatments. If you have questions you can get help and information from our Caring Medical staff

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This article was updated April 14, 2023 – Supplemented 10/2/2023

 

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