Morton’s Neuroma Treatments: Conservative Care, Surgery or Injections

Ross A. Hauser, MD, Danielle R. Steilen-Matias, MMS, PA-C

Many of the foot pain patients that we see in our clinic, come in with an extensive history of what they did to try to treat their foot problems. They are extensive because many of these people work at jobs that require a lot of physical demand including being on their feet all day, or they are competitive or recreational runners who are still trying to run through the pain. Some patients are women who have foot pain and numbness after a lifetime of tight shoes and high heels. Women are also more prone to suffering from Morton’s Neuroma if they are overweight as suggested in research published in March 2020 in the European Journal of Neurology. (1)

These patients will tell us about foot pain accompanied by tingling or numbness or a sensation like they have a pebble in their shoe. They will further describe a pain in the center of their foot that becomes acute upon “foot strike,” or “putting weight on it.” Sometimes they will describe a snapping or cracking sensation and a shooting burning kind of nerve pain. When they describe these symptoms to us, we start to suspect Morton’s Neuroma. This means that the nerves that travel in between the bones of the foot have become impinged or squeezed.

Morton’s Neuroma: Foot bone instability, which may be a result of ligament or tendon weakness, can cause a thickening of tissue around a digital nerve. Foot bones collide and compress the nerves.

The bones in the foot can become unstable objects, wandering around the foot and compressing nerves due to weakness and loss of strength and elasticity in the connective tissues, the tendons, ligaments, and fascia that are holding the bones and feet together. When the connective tissue is damaged wandering bones collide, squeezing everything between them including the nerves. If those bones are moving so much that they are putting continuous pressure on the nerves, the nerve will swell. Thus, Morton’s neuroma occurs in a digital nerve in the foot, often between the third and fourth toes.

In this video, Ross Hauser, MD. describes instability in the metatarsal joints as a common cause of foot problems including Morton’s Neuroma.

Summary transcript:

Mulder’s sign. A click can be felt when squeezing the metatarsal heads together at the place where the interdigital nerve is being compressed. This is a sign of instability in the metatarsal joint.

Mulder’s sign. A click can be felt when squeezing the metatarsal heads together at the place where the interdigital nerve is being compressed. This is a sign of instability in the metatarsal joint.

A typical patient that we suspect of having Morton’s Neuroma will usually describe their medical history as:

While some of these recommendations may be effective in providing symptom relief, they may not do enough. Many patients have graduated to more extensive conservative care treatments. This would include:

These conventional therapies, and more including rest, weight loss, massage therapy, manipulation, analgesics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, anti-depressant medications, and trigger point injections often result in residual pain for the patients.

Why is the treatment of Morton’s Neuroma ineffective? “The condition is degenerative rather than neoplastic”

As pointed out Morton’s Neuroma can be a controversial diagnosis. This is suggested again in a January 2023 update (2) to the United States Library of Congress’ medical publication STAT PEARLS.  “Morton’s neuroma is a compressive neuropathy of the forefoot interdigital nerve. Neuropathy is chiefly due to compression and irritation at the plantar aspect of the transverse intermetatarsal ligament. It is not a true neuroma as the condition is degenerative rather than neoplastic (being caused by abnormal tissue growth as in cysts or tumors or other overgrowths).

Many people get relief from the various treatments we mentioned above. This article is for people who did not get relief or have varying diagnoses that may describe a common foot problem. Those being as described in the above publication: “Morton metatarsalgia, interdigital neuritis, Morton entrapment, interdigital neuralgia, interdigital neuroma, interdigital nerve compression syndrome, and intermetatarsal neuroma.”

It is quite common for people with the diagnosis of a neuroma, or nerve entrapment, to undergo multiple surgeries attempting to alleviate the entrapment. One individual came to us with a history of 15 surgeries. Multiple surgeries occur primarily because most physicians incorrectly believe numbness is equated with a pinched nerve. Ligament and tendon weakness in the limb also cause chronic numbness in an extremity.

Despite years of experimental research and clinical investigation, the painful neuroma has remained difficult to prevent or to treat successfully when it occurs. More than 150 physical and chemical methods for treating neuromas have been utilized including suturing, covering with silicone caps, injecting muscle or bone with chemicals such as alcohol, and many others.

Morton’s Neuroma treatments: Cortisone injections

Cortisone is given to reduce the inflammation of the nerve. While successful cortisone injections have side effects. Among the most common are skin atrophy, skin depigmentation, and damage to soft tissue around the neuroma such as the ligaments.

In November 2019, foot specialists from the University Hospitals of Leicester in the United Kingdom published a comparison review of  “nine different non-operative treatment modalities (for Morton’s Neuroma); Corticosteroid injection, Alcohol injection, Extra-corporeal Shockwave therapy (ESWT), Radiofrequency Ablation (RFA), Cryoablation, Capsaicin injection, Botulinum toxin, Orthosis, and YAG Laser Therapy, in the European Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery. (3) When compared against the other 8 treatments the researchers: “would recommend the use of corticosteroid injections to treat Morton’s neuromas.” This does not suggest that cortisone is very effective, just better than these other treatments. Cortisone can be very effective for some, but the treatments may not be effective for others. How can you tell?

Related research and comparisons: In the research above, cortisone is said to have provided the best results. Here are the most cited studies suggesting the benefits of the other treatments.

Botulinum toxin

A 2013 study published in the Clinical drug investigation (4) found injection with Botulinum toxin to be of possible usefulness to relieve the pain and improve function in Morton neuroma. This paper has been cited by over 50 other papers with varying degrees of success suggested.

Capsaicin injection

A June 2016 double-blind placebo-controlled study from Johns Hopkins University School (5)  tested the effectiveness and safety of a single 0.1 mg dose of capsaicin vs placebo injected into people diagnosed with Morton’s neuroma. At one and four weeks after injection, a significant decrease in pain was observed in the capsaicin-injected group versus the placebo group.  Improvements in function and reductions in oral analgesic use were also seen in the capsaicin-treated group.

Cryoablation

Cryoablation is the use of cold therapy to freeze or freeze-burn the nerves. An October 2016 study (6) looked at cryoablation outcomes in 20 Morton’s neuroma patients. The researchers found high patient satisfaction in the group after the procedure, reduced risk of “stump neuroma” syndrome, and good patient tolerance on an outpatient basis.

Ultrasound-guided radiofrequency ablation (RFA)

An October 2019 paper in the journal Clinical Radiology (7) assessed the effectiveness and safety of ultrasound-guided radiofrequency ablation (RFA) for the treatment of symptomatic Morton’s neuroma (22 neuromas were treated). At 8 months in, 89% of treated patients were satisfied with the procedure outcome. No significant adverse effects were recorded. The research concludes: “Ultrasound-guided radiofrequency ablation is safe, with excellent initial results in the treatment of symptomatic Morton’s neuroma.

Morton’s Neuroma Cortisone injection side-effects and short-term relief outcomes

We are going to start a seven-year assessment of research focusing on cortisone injections and Morton’s neuroma.

In 2016 doctors in the United Kingdom (8) assessed patients who received a cortisone injection for their Morton’s neuroma problem. They were looking for factors in the treatments that would allow them to predict who would need more treatments within 2 years of the single ultrasound-guided corticosteroid injection the patients received.

Of the treated feet:
54 patients (57 feet) were reviewed:

“(29.85%) eventually underwent surgery after receiving corticosteroid injections due to persistent pain.”

In June 2021 doctors publishing in the journal Clinics in Orthopedic Surgery (9) offered an assessment of cortisone injections for Morton’s Neuroma. The highlights of their findings were as noted:

The initial success of treatment:

A single corticosteroid injection appears to have a beneficial short- to medium-term effect on Morton’s neuroma pain.

A July 2021 paper in the Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association (10) sought to examine and compile evidence relating to the effectiveness of corticosteroid injection for Morton’s neuroma. To do this, researchers assessed previously reported studies where randomized and nonrandomized controlled trials of a single corticosteroid injection for Morton’s neuroma pain were investigated. The primary outcome was Morton’s neuroma pain as measured by any standard validated pain scale.

Conclusions: A single corticosteroid injection appears to have a beneficial short- to medium-term effect on Morton’s neuroma pain. It appears superior to usual care, but its superiority to local anesthetic alone is questionable, and it is inferior to surgical excision.

Diminished short-term pain after injection in 73% of their patients

A June 2020 study in the journal Pain and Therapy (11) explored different injection techniques for Morton’s Neuroma. In the discussion about cortisone, the researchers, led by Harvard Medical School, noted:

“Steroid treatment is commonly used to alleviate symptoms (of Morton’s Neuroma) along with changes in footwear and stretching. Principal findings (in a previous study) showed that corticosteroid injections with local anesthetics did improve symptoms temporarily between the experimental and control groups. However, the beneficial effects diminished over a short period of time. In addition to the short-term effects, (the research) also noted diminished short-term pain after injection in 73% of their patients. However, there were side effects that resulted in pain in the injection site, skin lesions, and tissue alterations consisting of “steroid flare,” tissue atrophy, and pigment alterations.”

Medium-term results of corticosteroid injections for Morton’s neuroma

In April 2021, doctors at the University Hospitals of Leicester published their findings in the journal Foot and ankle international (12) on their evaluation of the medium-term results of corticosteroid injections for Morton’s neuroma.

In this study, Forty-five neuromas in 36 patients were injected with a single corticosteroid injection either with or without ultrasound guidance.

Conclusion: “Corticosteroid injections for Morton’s neuroma remained effective in over a third of cases for up to almost 5 years. A positive outcome at 1 year following a corticosteroid injection was reasonably predictive of a prolonged effect from the injection.”

“Corticosteroid injections showed a satisfactory clinical outcome . . . in spite of almost 30% of included subjects eventually underwent operative treatment.”

A January 2022 study in the journal Foot and Ankle Orthopaedics (13) suggested: “Corticosteroid injections showed a satisfactory clinical outcome in patients with Morton’s interdigital neuroma in spite of almost 30% of included subjects eventually underwent operative treatment.” The researchers also made a recommendation that future studies about the safety and effectiveness of multiple injections at the same site are highly necessary.

Is cortisone the best we can do? How about burning out the nerves?

In February 2019 researchers wrote in the Journal of Foot and Ankle Research (14)  “Corticosteroid injections and manipulation/mobilization are the two interventions with the strongest evidence for pain reduction, however high-quality evidence for a gold standard intervention was not found.” This was also a comparison against extracorporeal shockwave therapy, Sclerosing (alcohol injections), Botox injections, radiofrequency ablation, and cryoneurolysis. The alcohol injections that burn out the nerve were found more effective in another study published in the journal Foot and Ankle Surgery, April 2019 (11). Here the researchers noted “Needle-electrode guided percutaneous alcoholization is an outpatient, minimally invasive procedure with a low rate of complications. Better results of those obtained with traditional conservative treatments and comparable with those reported with other alcohol injections or surgical nerve excision were observed.”

Physical or Fascial Manipulation Technique for Morton’s Neuroma

A July 2021 paper in the International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (15) wrote: “There is currently no gold standard of treatment (for Morton’s Neuroma); nonoperative management commonly involves manual therapies, orthoses therapy, and infiltrative (injection) techniques, while surgery is indicated after failure of conservative measures.” In their study, the researchers presented a preliminary study on the effectiveness of the Fascial Manipulation technique, a noninvasive manual therapy, focused on the release of the deep fascia, reducing its stiffness.

Moving onto surgery when cortisone or conservative care did not help Morton’s Neuroma symptoms

In June 2017, hospital and university researchers in Barcelona published their findings on cortisone in the medical journal Foot and Ankle International. (16)

Here they write that the effectiveness of corticosteroid injection for the treatment of Morton’s neuroma is unclear and to see if they could make it clearer that reviewed 41 patients with a diagnosis of Morton’s neuroma.

Surgical treatment for Morton’s Neuroma has been problematic with poor results and complications

Doctors at the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh (17) wrote in the Bone and Joint Journal of examined patients who had excision of Morton’s neuroma. (The removal of the Neuroma and the nerve it was attached to – neurectomy).

Results:

There was no statistically significant difference in outcome between surgery on single or multiple sites. However, pain scores were significantly worse after repair or revision surgery

The patient-reported outcomes after resection of symptomatic Morton’s neuroma are acceptable but may not be as good as earlier studies suggest. Surgery at several sites can be undertaken safely but caution should be exercised when considering revision surgery.”

Doctors at the University of Tennessee suggest that approximately 80% of patients require surgical excision of neuromas for symptom relief. Although 50% to 85% of patients obtain relief after primary excision, symptoms may recur because of an incorrect diagnosis, inadequate resection, or adherence of pressure on a nerve stump neuroma. They suggest counseling patients on the increased possibility of more than one surgery. (18It should be pointed out that the title of this research paper is “The recurrent Morton Neuroma: what now?” 

Following this line of research was a January 2021 paper published in the Clinics in Podiatric Medicine and Surgery (19)  which noted: “While within the literature, there is a high success rate with primary neurectomy procedures, the risk of recurrence of symptoms or “stump neuromas” remains difficult to treat and can lead to debilitating pain.” The authors provided updates on a nerve-sparing, microneurosurgical, procedure for the management of Morton’s neuromas.

Operative treatments other than neurectomy for Morton’s neuroma

In October 2021, doctors writing in the journal Foot and ankle surgery (20) examined the effectiveness of operative treatments other than neurectomy for Morton’s neuroma as these other surgical incursions success remain debatable despite several reported studies. The researchers noted that although a number of studies with high levels of evidence are limited, they could still divide them into four surgical-type categories:

All categories showed reliable outcomes except minimally invasive nerve decompression. The proportion of postoperative neurogenic symptoms was lower with neurolysis than with neurectomy.

The researchers concluded: “Whether the alternative procedures were superior to neurectomy remains unclear as the number of good quality studies was limited. The proportion of postoperative neurogenic symptoms was lower with neurolysis (burning the nerve) than with neurectomy. Furthermore, performing simultaneous dorsal transposition (moving) of the nerve along with neurolysis is more recommended than neurolysis alone. Surgeons should be more careful with minimally invasive deep transverse intermetatarsal ligament release and metatarsal shortening osteotomy as their effectiveness remains inconclusive. Finally, we strongly recommend performing intramuscular embedding or intermuscular transposition of the nerve-cutting end if neurectomy or nerve transection is inevitable. (Put the nerve is a place that is more accessible for the next surgery.)”

The optimal treatment of symptomatic Morton’s neuroma remains unclear

A December 2022 paper in the International Orthopaedics (21) also looked at surgical options.

“The optimal treatment of symptomatic Morton’s neuroma remains unclear; conservative methods are sometimes ineffective and neurectomy has significant rates of patient dissatisfaction.” In this study, doctors assessed the outcome of a minimally invasive distal metatarsal metaphyseal osteotomy (bone remodeling) and percutaneous release of the deep transverse metatarsal ligament (DTML) in patients with Morton’s neuroma.

Our Research on Prolotherapy for Morton’s Neuroma

This is a summary of research from Caring Medical investigators published in the medical journal Foot and Ankle Online Journal. (22)

This study investigates the effectiveness of Dextrose Prolotherapy injections on a group of patients with “Morton’s neuroma.”

Study Results

The patients in the study had reported other previous treatments prior to beginning the Prolotherapy treatments.

Some patients had tried:

Some patients had had MRI and radiographic diagnoses. One of seventeen had seen a podiatrist. A physician told three patients that surgery was required, but only one had surgery to remedy the pain on the other foot.

The average length of time patients experienced the pain of Morton’s neuroma was 20 months before entering the clinic.

Before treatment patients were asked to rate their pain levels on a scale of 0 to 10—with 0 being no pain and 10 being severe crippling pain (this scale is referred to as VAS).

All 17 patients reported pain as a symptom. Thus, patients were asked to report pain levels before and after Prolotherapy in these four categories:

1) pain at rest;

2) pain with normal activities;

3) pain with exercise, and

4) pain while walking barefoot.

Concerning 1): Pain at rest:

Prior to Prolotherapy treatment, pain levels averaged VAS 4.68. None of the patients had a starting pain of less than three.

Concerning 2): Pain with normal activity and mobility:

Prior to Prolotherapy treatment, 15 of the 17 participants reported walking with some degree of pain, and a VAS pain level of 6.89.

Concerning 3): Pain with exercise:

Prior to Prolotherapy, 15 of the 17 patients reported decreased ability to exercise, and a VAS pain level of 7.27.

Nearly half of the patients were totally compromised in their athletic abilities prior to treatment.

Other physical improvements occurred, notably, decreases in stiffness and numbness (burning). Thirteen to 14 patients reported a 100% improvement in the activities of daily living that continued to the end of the study. None reported an inability to exercise.

Concerning 4): Pain while walking in bare feet:

Furthermore, 12 of 17 patients could walk less than 50 feet before they experienced noticeable pain, with or without shoes. Only 3 of the 17 patients could walk more than a half-mile without pain.

When comparing the four previous categories before and after Prolotherapy, all reached a statistically significant outcome.

This study justifies the desirability and use of Prolotherapy for Morton’s neuroma pain. Future studies need to further substantiate these findings, especially if Prolotherapy enables Morton’s neuroma sufferers to avoid surgery and its possible adverse effects.

Although a study with more patients in a controlled empirical setting is needed to document the efficacy of Dextrose Prolotherapy, this treatment should be considered, based on the substantial advantages and minimal drawbacks (e.g., aversion to needles), as well as the reduced risks and increased rewards of Prolotherapy over conventional treatments.

Demonstration of Prolotherapy treatment for Morton’s Neuroma

In this video, Danielle Matias, MMS, PA-C demonstrates and explains the Prolotherapy treatment for Morton’s Neuroma

Summary highlights of the video are below:

Summary highlights

Summary and contact us. Can we help you?

Most chronic foot pain and numbness are not primarily due to a nerve being pinched but due to weakness in the ligaments and soft tissue structures that support the ball of the foot and the arch. Prolotherapy injections start these areas to grow new and stronger tissue. Once this tissue gains normal strength the pain, numbness, and disability normally stop. If it does not, the nerve entrapment can be “unpinched” quickly and nonsurgically with Nerve Release Injection Therapy (NRIT). (Please see our article on Nerve Release Injection Therapy). In our office, we frequently combine dextrose Prolotherapy with  Nerve Release Injection Therapy (NRIT) and/or Lyftogt Perineural Injection Therapy for nerve-related pain. This combined approach works well to correct the underlying joint instability, as well as free up and nourish the entrapped nerve.

While the exact cause of Morton’s neuroma (MN) is still debated, our research confirms Prolotherapy not only reduces levels of pain for patients with Morton’s Neuroma but also enhances other quality-of-life concerns.

In our study as discussed above, we found that dextrose Prolotherapy was extremely effective at improving a number of pain factors: pain at rest; pain with normal activities; pain with exercise; pain while walking barefoot. Patients’ subjective experience of pain offers the best measure for statistical accuracy, and all patients in our study reported pain as a symptom. Patients were additionally asked about numbness levels and stiffness.

This prospective, non-controlled study demonstrated that Prolotherapy decreases pain and improves the quality of life for patients with Morton’s neuroma, which was unresolved by previous therapies, medications, and interventions. Prolotherapy provided relief of at least 74% for 14 out of 17 of the patients at least six months after their last treatment. Two out of three patients who were told they needed surgery prior to Prolotherapy, felt sufficient pain relief with Prolotherapy and were able to avoid surgery. After the study period, patients experienced an overall improvement in range of motion, ability to walk, and exercise, as well as relief of stiffness and numbness/burning.

We hope you found this article informative and that it helped answer many of the questions you may have surrounding your foot problems.  If you would like to get more information specific to your challenges of peroneal tendon injury and ankle instability, please email us: Get help and information from our Caring Medical staff

 

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References:

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This article was updated July 31, 2023

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